aphg: FULL

agglomeration

grouping together many firms from same industry in single area for collective/cooperative use of infrastructure & sharing labour resources

ancillary activities/multiplier effect

economic activities surrounding & supporting large-scale industries (eg. shipping, food service)

backwash effects

negative effects on 1 region resulting form economic growth within another

break-bulk point

location where large shipments of goods are broken into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

brick-and-mortar businesses

traditional businesses w/ actual stores for trade & retail, do not exist solely on internet (not ie. amazon)

bulk-gaining industries

where product weighs more after assembly than did in separate parts. tend ot have production facilities close to markets

bulk-reducing industries

final products weigh less than separate parts, processing facilities tend to be close to sources of raw materials

commodity dependence

peripheral economies rely too heavily on export of raw materials, put on unequal terms of exchange w/ more-developed countries exporting higher-value goods

conglomerate corporation

firm comprising of many smaller firms that serve different functions

core

national/global regions where economic power (wealth, innovation, advanced technology) is concentrated

core-periphery model

spatial structure of development in under-developed countries defined by dependence on developed core region

cottage industry

production of goods & services based in homes > factories

deglomeration

dispersal of industry that formerly existed as established agglomeration

economic backwaters

regions that fail to gain from national economic development

ecotourism

form of tourism based on enjoyment of scenic areas/natural wonders, environmentally sustainable

export-processing zone

govs create favourable investment & trading conditions to attract export-orientated industries

fast world

areas of word (usually economic core) experiencing greater levels of connection bc of high-speed telecommunications & transportation technologies

footloose firms

cost of transporting raw materials & finished product not important for determining location of firm

fordism

henry ford, system of standardized mass production

globalization

idea that world is becoming increasingly interconnected on global scale; smaller scale political/economic life beocming obsolete

gross domestic product

total value of goods & services produced by country

gross national product

total value of goods & services (including income from abroad) produced by residents of a country

human development index

calculates development in terms of human welfare; life expectancy, education, income

least-cost theory

alfred weber, optimal location of manufacturing establishment in relation to cost of transport & labour & relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

manufacturing region

region where manufacturing activities have clustered together (great lakes [michigan, illinois, indiana, ohio, new york, pennsylvania]) (central england, southeastern brazil, tokyo)

maquiladoras

cities where us firms have factories just outside us-mex border in areas designated by mex gov. factories cheaply assemble goods to export to us

microlending

small loans to poor people (typically women) to encourage development of community-oriented small businesses

net national product

measure of all goods & services produced by country in a year, includes production from investments abroad, subtractign loss/degradation of natural resource capital

offshore financial centers

areas specially designed to promote business transactions, centers for banking & finance

outsourcing

sending industrial processes out for external production

periphery

countries w/ low levels of economic activity, low per-capita incomes, & generally low standards of living. africa (-south africa), asia, parts of south america. [world economic periphery]

primary economic activites

natural resources made available for use/further processing (mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing)

purchasing-power parity

monetary measurement of development taking into account what money buys in diff countries

quaternary economic activities

research, information gathering, administration

quinary economic activities

advanced quaternary, high-level decision-making for large corporations/high-level scientific research

regionalization

specific regions acquire characteristics differentiating form others within same country. involves development of dominant economic activities in particular regions

rostow’s stages of development (economic growth)

least-most developed country progression, 5 stages

secondary economic activities

processing raw materials (manufacturing, construction, power generation)

semipheriphery

newly industrialized countries, relatively diverse economic opportunities but w/ extreme wealth disparity (china, brazil, india, chile, indonesia)

service-based economies

highly developed economies focusing on research & development, marketing, tourism, sales, telecommunications

slow world

developing world w/o high-speed telecommunications & transport tech

spatially fixed costs

input cost in manufacturing remaining constant wherever production is lcoated

spatially variable costs

input cost in manufacturing changing significantly from place to place in total amount & in relative share of total costs

specialty goods

not mass-produced, assembled individually/in small quantities

teritiary economic activities

provide market exchange of goods & bring tgther consumers & providers of services (retail, transportation, government, personal & professional services)

world cities

group of cities forming interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance & commerce (nyc, la, london, paris, shanghai)

world-systems theory

immanuel wallerstein. explaisn emergency of core, periphery, & semiperiphery in terms of economic & political connections established at beginning of exploration & maintained through economic access

action space

geographical area containing space an individual interacts w/ on a daily basis

beaux arts

movement within city planning & urban design combining older, classical forms w/ newer, industrial ones. (wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, civic monuments stressing progress, freedom, & national unity)

blockbusting

real estate agents & developers encouraging affluent white property owners to sell homes & businesses at loss by stoking fears that neighbourhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities. early as 1900

boomburb

large, rapidly growing city suburban in character but resembles population of larger urban cores

borchert’s epochs

john r. borchert. american cities undergone 5 major epochs/periods of development shaped by dominant forms of transportation/communication at time

sail wagon (1790-1830)

iron horse (1830-1870)

steel rail (1870-1920)

auto-air-amenity (1920-1970)

high-technology (1970-present)

central business district

downtown/nucleus of city where retail stores, offices, & cultural activities are concentrated, high building density & transportation systems converge

central-place theory

walter christaller, early 1900s. explains size & distribution of cities in terms of competitive supply of goods & services to dispersed populations

city beautiful movement

environmental design, drawing directly from beaux arts school. put order on industrial centers by creating urban spaces w/ sense of morality & civic pride

colonial cities

cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. often established on existing native cities, overtaking infrastructure

concentric-zone model

describes urban environments as series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from central core, or central business district (chicago)

edge cities

cities located on outskirts of larger cities, serve same functions of urban areas but in sprawling, decentralized suburban environment

european cities

extreme density, narrow buildings, winding streets, ornate church as city center, high walls surrounding city center

exurbanite

person who left inner city & moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas

feudal cities

cities that arose during middle ages & represent time of stagnation in urban growth. fostered dependent relationship between wealthy landowners & peasants who worked land, very little alternative economic opportunities.

forward capital

capital city placed in remote/peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons (brasilia, brazil; Islamabad, pakistan)

galactic city model (multiple nuclei model)

circular-city model characterizing role of automobile in postindustrial era (la, houston)

gateway cities

cities that become ports of entry & distribution centers for large geographic areas bc of their geographic location

gentrification

trend of middle & upper-income americans moving into city centers & rehabilitating architecture & replacing low-income populations, changing social character of neighbourhoods

ghettoization

process in inner cities where they become dilapidated centers of poverty when affluent whites move out to suburbs & immigrants & poc vie for scarce jobs & resources

great migration

early 1900s mass movement of african americans from deep south to industrial north (esp chicago)

hinterland

market area surrounding urban center than urban center serves

inner-city decay

parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of populations as result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. inner city loses tax base, becomes center of poverty

islamic cities

cities in muslim countries owing structure to religious beliefs. mosques at center, walls guarding perimeter. open-air markets, courtyards w/ high walls, dead-end streets limiting foot traffic in residential neighbourhoods

latin american cities

colonialism, rapid rise of industrialization, rapid increases in population. distinctive sectors of industrial/residential development radiating out from cbd

megacities

cities where high population growth & migration caused them to explode in population since wwii. chaotic & unplanned growth, terrible pollution & widespread poverty [paris, london]

megalopolis

several metropolitan areas originally separate but joined tgther to form large, sprawling, urban complex

metacities

larger than megacities, urban region where multiple dense areas/cores are interspersed w/ suburbs & green spaces (& squatter settlements in case of developing countries) [tokyo, nyc, mumbai]

metropolitan area

urban area consisting of 1 or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas/suburbs all acting together as coherent economic whole

modern architecture

efficient geometrical structures made of concrete & glass

multiple-nuclei model

cities having numerous centers of business & cultural activity > 1 central place

new urbanism

promoting mixed-used commercial & residential development & pedestrian-friendly, community-oriented cities. reaction to sprawling, automobile-centered cities.

node

geographical center of activity. large cities have multiple

postmodern architecture

reaction to sterile alienation from modern architecture. uses, older, historical styles & sense of lightheartedness & eclecticism. combine pleasant-looking forms & playful colours, more people-friendly.

primate city

country’s leading city w/ population disproportionately greater than other urban areas. over 2x

rank-size rule

population of any given town inversely proportional to rank in country’s hierarchy when distribution of cities according to sizes follows pattern

sector model

model of urban land use placing cbd in middle w/ wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward along transportation corridors

segregation

resulting from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave city center for homogenous suburban neighbourhoods. isolates individuals who can’t afford relocation, must remain in certain pockets of central city.

squatter settlements

residential developments characterized by extreme poverty usually existing on land just outside of cities neither owned or rented by occupents

suburbs

residential communities outside city centers, relatively homogenous populations

urban morphology

physical form of city/urban region

urban revitalization

process occurring in some urban areas experience inner-city decay. usually involves construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, & cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals into cities for more accessible nightlife/culture.

agribusiness

set of economic & political relationships organizing food production for commercial purposes (ie. seed production, retailing, consumption of agricultural products)

agriculture

art & science of producing food from land & tending livestock for purpose of human consumption

animal husbandry

agricultural activity associated with raising of domesticated animals (eg. cattle, horses, sheep, goats)

aquaculture

cultivation or farming of aquatic species (NOT commercial/wild fishing)

biotechnology

living organisms (usually genes) to modify products, make/modify plants/animals, or develop other microorganisms for specific purposes

capital-intensive farming

form of agriculture using mechanical goods (machinery, tools vehicles, facilities) to produce large amts of agricultural goods. process requiring little human labour

commercial agricultural economy

all agricultural activity generated for purpose of selling, not local consumption

commodity chains

linked system of processes that gather resources, convert into goods, package for distribution, disperse, and sell on market

desertification

formerly fertile lands becoming arid, unproductive, and desert-like

domestication

conscious manipulation of plant & animal species by humans in order to sustain selves

extensive agriculture

low inputs of labour per unit of land area

feedlots

place where livestock are concentrated in a vv small area & raised on hormones & hearty grains that prepare for slaughter at a more rapid rate than grazing (aka factory farms)