Exam 1: Non-Domestic Herbivores

generally describe Bovidae

• true ruminants with foud stomach chambers

• similar diseases as domestic cattle, infectious and reproductive management

how is viral and bacterial enteritis described in Bovidae

• corona or rotavirus

• clinical signs include diarrhea, depression, malabsorption, asymptomatic

• supportive care, antimicrobials, vaccination, sanitation

how is tuberculosis described in bovidae

• Mycobacterium bovis or tuberculosis

• granulomatous lesions in the lungs and elsewhere

• very important for zoonotic and economic reasons

• testing done on caudal tail fold for bovids, single cervocal test for cervids

• clinical signs include lymphadenopathy, wasting,bronchopneumonia, or none

• not treated

how is Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis described in bovidae

• Mycobacertium avium spp paratuberculosis

• diarrhea, wasting, poor hair coat

• culture, PCR, ELISA, but difficult early on

  prevent through thorough pre-shipment investigation

how is Malignant catarrhal fever described in bovidae

• gamma herpesvirus

• sheep and wildebeest are asymptomatic carriers

• bison are 1,000x more susceptible than cattle

• clinical signs include nasal/ocular discharge, corneal opacity, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, anorexia, death

• PCR

• prevent, suppport, antivirals

generally describe Giraffidae

• giraffes and okapi

• true ruminants

• very specific enclosure and husbandry requirements

• unique anesthesia

• husbandry and enclosure, acute mortality syndrome, hoof disease

how should giraffidae enclosures be designed

• substrate varied

• slip resistant indoor flooring

• heated barns and adequate room for shifting

• ability to weigh, restrain, and allow medical procedures

• avoiding entanglement risk

describe giraffe lameness

• hoof overgrowth, distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis, P3 osteitis

• more common in front limb

• in a study all >7yrs had OA

• rubberized floor and sand

• training, rads, hood care and medication

describe acute mortality syndrome in giraffidae

• previously a major causes of death

• serous atrophy of fat, pulmonar edema, petechial hemorrhage, intestinal ulceration and myocardial degeneration

• mildly stressful event or temperature drop can ilicit

• diet should be mostly browsed with low calcium, phosphorus and protein, high fiber

describe cervidae

• from mouse deer to moose

• true ruminant

• antler cycle

describe the antler cycle of cervidae

• antlers are composed of bone arising from the frontal bone of the skull

• covered in velvet

• high testosterone → hardens antler → sheds velvet

• low testosterone → osteoclastic activity → loss of antlers

generally describe camelidae

• 7 species

• 3 chambered stomach, foregut fermenter

• well suited to extreme temperatures but not as adapted to the opposite extreme

what diseases are shared between camelids and ruminants

• orf

• rabies

• FMD

• rinderpest

• WNV

• ringworm

• clostridial disease

• TB

• Johne’s

• necrobacillosis

• strep/staph

• brucellosis

what diseases are unique to camelids

• camelpox

• camep papillomatosis

• mycoplasma hemolama

generally describe Rhinoceridae

• important to provide wallows

• grazing, browsing, and intermediate

• iron storage disease

• encephalomyocarditis virus

• idiopathic hemorrhagic vasculopathy syndrome

what is iron storage disease in rhinos

• hemosiderosis- iron in tissues

• hemochromatosis- inflammatory response to iron

• believed to be diet

• black and sumatran rhinos

• treat with low iron diets/browse, phlebotomy, chelation

describe idiopathic hemorrhagic vasculopathy syndrome in rhinos

• limb, facial edema with non-hemolytic anemia

• higher prevalence in cooler months

• other clinical signs include lethargy, respiratory stridor, and laminitis

• treat with NSAIDS, antibiotics, fatty acids, and phosphorus

generally describe tapiridae

• 4 species

• monogastric hindgut fermenters (think horse)

• no gallbladder

• malayan in particular have fibrous connective tissue between visceral and parietal pleuura

what are the typical diseases in Tapirs

• foot sole lesions such as cracks, ulcerations, and abscesses

• tuberculosis (hard to confidentally dx and can get false p with intradermal, confirm with other testing)

• colic

what is encephalomyocarditis virus

• picornvirus

• present in domestic swine, primates, elephants, tapirs, hippos, macropods, wombats

• acute death

• diagnose with virus isolation from heart, spleen or other

• prevent with rodent control

generally describe Proboscidae (elephants)

• largest extant land animals

• monogastric hindgut fermenter

• lack of a pleural space, fibrous connective tissue

• complex foot structure

• EEHV, tuberculosis, foot care, reproductive pathology

what is elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus

• acute hemorrhagic disease typically seen in 1-4y/o asian elephant calves

• nonspecific clinical signs → death in 24-72hrs

• 85% mortality if untreated

• cyanosis/edema of head and tongue

• antivirals, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, antioxidants

how is Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed in elephants

• culture from trunk wash

• serology is questional be but used as screening

what is important to note about the elephant’s foot

• nail and sole cracks, abscesses

• trimming, soaking, topicals

• nail growth is slow and healing can take weeks to months

what are the important parts of reproductive phys for elephants

• males undergo musth (rut), but AI used by most breeding facilities

• pregnancy is 21-24m

• sexual maturity is 4-12 yrs

• acuclicity is a major problem, non-sustaining population

what are common reproductive pathologies in elephants

• uterine leiomyoma

• vesibular cyst

• ovarian cyst

• endometrial hyperplasia

generally describe Hippopotidae

• common and pygmy

• pseudoruminants - 4 chambers but foregut fermentation, no rumination

• subdermal, mucous glands “red sweat”

• relatively few issues

how is preventative medicine describe in exotic herbivores

• complete physical 2-5yrs

• ID

• hoof care as needed

• body weight or condition score semi-annually

what is exertional rhabdomyolyss

• metabolic disease associated with pursuit, capture, restraint, and transport

• metabolic acidosis, muscle necrosis, myoglobinuria

• muscle stiffness and pain, ataxia, paresis, toricollis, prostration, paralysis, death

• occurs minutes to weeks after event

• very poor px

what predisposes an animal to capture myopathy

• prey spp

• heat and humidty

• capture

• anemia, CV dz

• Se or vit E deficiency

• opioids

what is the pathogenesis of capture myopathy

• fear → sympathetic nervous and adrenal systems → muscular activity → lactic acidosis and necrosis → myoglobin from cells → tubular necrosis and renal failure

describe capture shock

• occurs during or within 6 hrs of capture

• ataxia, tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperemic MM, hyperthermia, weak pulse, sudden death

describe ataxic myoglobinuric syndrome

• hours to days after capture

• ataxia, torticollis, myoglobinuria, death with elevated AST, CK, LDH, BUM

what is ruptured muscle syndrome

• occurs 24-48hrs after capture

• hindquarter weakness, recumbency with extremely elevated AST, CK, LDH, BUN may be normal

what is delayed-peracute syndrome

• rare, at least 24hrs-30d after capture

• normal appearance when undisturbed but acute stress results in attempt to flee → vfib → death