Unit 4 Test Bank

In the central nervous system (CNS), which component is primarily found in gray matter?

Cell bodies

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of which two main structures?

Nerves and ganglia

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

Autonomic nervous system

Which type of neuroglia is specifically responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Schwann cells

A ganglion is best described as a group of:

Cell bodies in the PNS

The part of the neuron that typically receives chemical signals and synthesizes big molecules is the

Soma (cell body)

Which pair of properties correctly describes neurons?

Long lives (amitotic) and high metabolic rate

A neuron that has lots of dendrites and one axon extending from the soma is structurally classified as:

Multipolar

The separation of charges across a neuron's membrane, which represents potential energy, is defined as:

Voltage

Which type of gated channel opens specifically when the cell membrane potential changes?

Voltage gated channels

What is the typical approximate value for the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) of a neuron?

-70 mV

A change in membrane potential that makes the cell become less negative (moves toward 0 mV) is known as:

Depolarization

Which characteristic is TRUE of graded potentials?

They are decremental, fading with distance.

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which event occurs?

Na+ inactivation gates close, K+ gates open

What is the state of a neuron during the absolute refractory period?

It is impossible to fire another spike.

The factor that is most effective at increasing the conduction velocity of an action potential is:

The presence of myelin

A synapse where the receptor protein receives the neurotransmitter and acts as a chemically gated channel is classified as which type of receptor?

Ionotropic (direct)

The process where simultaneous inputs from multiple presynaptic cells are added together to potentially fire an action potential is called:

Spatial summation

Electrical synapses are connections between cells allowing fast communication. They are formed by:

gap junctions

A patient who isn’t afraid of anything likely has damage to their _____ (named for its resemblance to a nut).

amygdala

The famous patient HM had a deficit in his ________ memory due to removal of his ________.

declarative; hippocampus

The medulla develops from the:

myelencephalon

Caffeine’s main effect is to inhibit binding of the purine ______ to its receptors.

adenosine

A drug that is a reuptake inhibitor works on the…

presynaptic terminal and increases message strength

This cranial nerve gives the sense of touch of the face and also directs chewing movements:

trigeminal

The limbic, diencephalic structure that is crucial for desire, motivation and control of the pituitary gland:

hypothalamus

A patient with a damaged spinal cord who has deficits in their ability to perceive a feather stroking their foot most likely has damage to the:

fasciculus gracilis in the dorsal column

After a couple of days of tracing figures while only being able to see the paper through a mirror, a subject learns to do the tracing smoothly. This demonstrates that the subject has a:

long term procedural memory established partly through the function of the premotor cortex

Primary visual cortex is located in which lobe?

occipital

Which gives rise to peripheral nervous system cells?

neural crest

In the depolarizing phase of the action potential, the crucial ion flow is:

Na+ enters

One function of norepinephrine we mentioned was…

alertness

An EPSP is a:

depolarization

For neurotransmitter release to occur, this crucial cation must enter the neuron to trigger exocytosis:

calcium

GABA is an _______ amino acid neurotransmitter. Endocanabinoids are ________.

inhibitory; lipids

Which type of receptor uses G-proteins and 2nd messengers such as cAMP.

indirect, metabotropic

Which axons conduct action potentials the fastest?

thick, myelinated

Neuroglia known as astrocytes are responsible for ______________________ in the central nervous system (CNS).

maintaining the blood–brain barrier (BBB)

The functional class of neurons called ______________________ transmits signals away from the CNS to an effector.

motor neurons

The period during an action potential when it is impossible to fire another spike is called the ______________________.

absolute refractory period

The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with motor control in the basal nuclei and with ______________________.

reward and pleasure pathways

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the soma is the _________________.

axon

The neural crest is the ridge in the embryo that gives rise to the ______________________ .

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The primary structure that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum is the ______________________.

transverse fissure

The axons of the ______________________ start in the motor cortex, cross at the decussation of the pyramids, and descend in the spinal cord to control fine movements.

lateral corticospinal tract

The blood-brain barrier is reinforced by glial cells called ______________________ that can modulate its tightness.

astrocytes

The spinal cord ends in the L1 or L2 vertebra with the tapered structure called the ______________________.

conus medullaris