Reading 11-3 S2

migration (n.)

the movement of animals from one region to another; 迁徙

define (v.)

to explain the meaning of a word or concept; 下定义

interval (n.)

a period of time between two events; 间隔

annual (adj.)

happening once every year; 每年的

rewarded (v.)

given something in return for good behavior or achievement; 奖励

inherited (adj.)

passed down from parents to offspring; 遗传的

instinct (n.)

a natural behavior or reaction that is not learned; 本能

biologist (n.)

a scientist who studies living organisms; 生物学家

identified (v.)

recognized or named something; 确定，识别

characteristics (n.)

features or qualities that make something unique; 特征

varying (adj.)

changing or different in different cases; 不同的，多变的

combinations (n.)

a mix of two or more things together; 组合

prolonged (adj.)

continuing for a long time; 延长的，持续的

habitats (n.)

natural environments where animals or plants live; 栖息地

linear (adj.)

arranged in a straight line; 线性的

tend to be (phr.)

usually are a certain way; 倾向于

zigzaggy (adj.)

having a shape with sharp angles, not straight; 之字形的

allocation (n.)

the distribution of resources or tasks; 分配

maintain (v.)

to keep something in good condition; 维持

intense (adj.)

very strong or extreme; 强烈的

attentiveness (n.)

the act of paying close attention; 专注

undistracted (adj.)

focused, not interrupted; 不受干扰的

temptation (n.)

a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong; 诱惑

undeterred (adj.)

not discouraged or stopped by problems; 不气馁的

aside (adv.)

to one side, away from the main focus; 一旁

arctic tern (n.)

a bird that migrates long distances between the Arctic and Antarctic; 北极燕鸥

flight (n.)

the act of flying; 飞行

extreme (adj.)

very great in degree; 极端的

Arctic circle (n.)

the area around the North Pole; 北极圈

herring (n.)

a type of fish found in the ocean; 鲱鱼

voraciously (adv.)

eating a lot quickly; 贪婪地

gull (n.)

a type of seabird; 海鸥

handouts (n.)

food or money given to someone in need; 施舍物

tern (n.)

a type of seabird similar to a gull; 燕鸥

resist (v.)

to fight against something or refuse to give in; 抵抗

distraction (n.)

something that takes attention away; 干扰

driven (adj.)

motivated to achieve something; 被驱使的

instinctive (adj.)

done naturally without thinking; 本能的

admirable (adj.)

deserving respect or praise; 令人钦佩的

determined (adj.)

having a strong decision to do something; 坚定的

destination (n.)

the place where someone or something is going; 目的地

sense (n.)

an ability to understand or feel something; 感觉

mate (n.)

a partner for reproduction; 配偶

focused on (phr.)

giving full attention to something; 专注于

undivided (adj.)

complete, without being split; 不分裂的

intent (adj.)

determined or concentrating on something; 专心的

gravelly (adj.)

covered with small stones or gravel; 砂石的

coastline (n.)

the outline of a coast where land meets the sea; 海岸线

upon (prep.)

on or after something happens; 在...之上

converge (v.)

to come together at a point; 汇聚

serve (v.)

to be useful for a purpose; 充当

evolution (n.)

the process of change in species over time; 进化

circumstance (n.)

a condition or fact affecting a situation; 情况

offspring (n.)

children or young of animals; 后代

sorts of (phr.)

different types or kinds; 各种

terrestrial mammals (n.)

mammals that live on land; 陆生哺乳动物

definition (n.)

an explanation of a word or concept; 定义

beast (n.)

a large wild animal; 野兽

vertical (adj.)

standing or pointing straight up; 垂直的

zooplankton (n.)

tiny floating animals in water; 浮游动物

downward (adv.)

moving toward a lower position; 向下

predators (n.)

animals that hunt other animals for food; 捕食者

escape (v.)

to get away from something dangerous; 逃脱

aphid (n.)

a small insect that feeds on plants; 蚜虫

depleted (adj.)

greatly reduced in amount; 耗尽的

citing (v.)

referring to as evidence or proof; 引用

features (n.)

characteristics or special traits; 特征

distinguish (v.)

to tell the difference between things; 区分

appropriate (adj.)

suitable for a purpose; 适当的

in advance (phr.)

before something happens; 事先

phenomenon (n.)

an unusual event or fact; 现象

wildebeest (n.)

a large African antelope; 角马

therefore (adv.)

for that reason; 因此

evolution (n.)

gradual change over time; 进化

detrimental (adj.)

causing harm or damage; 有害的

pronghorn (n.)

a fast-running North American animal similar to an antelope; 叉角羚

resembles (v.)

looks like or is similar to; 类似

antelope (n.)

a fast-running wild animal; 羚羊

sagebrush (n.)

a type of shrub found in dry regions; 灌木蒿

invariance (n.)

staying the same without change; 不变性

severity (n.)

seriousness or extreme harshness; 严重性

constriction (n.)

the act of making something narrower or tighter; 收缩

bottleneck (n.)

a narrow area slowing down movement; 瓶颈

grazing (n.)

eating grass in a field; 放牧

bounty (n.)

a large amount of something; 丰富

windblown (adj.)

carried by the wind; 被风吹的

plains (n.)

large, flat areas of land; 平原

traverse (v.)

to move across or through; 横越

crisis (n.)

a dangerous or difficult situation; 危机

threaten (v.)

to be a danger to something; 威胁

choke off (v.)

to stop or slow down completely; 阻碍

passageway (n.)

a path or route for travel; 通道

conservation (n.)

protecting and preserving nature; 保护

agencies (n.)

organizations that provide services; 机构

preserve (v.)

to keep something in good condition; 保护

species (n.)

a group of organisms that can reproduce together; 物种

habitats (n.)

natural places where organisms live; 栖息地

recognize (v.)

to identify something as known; 认出

corridor (n.)

a narrow strip of land used for movement; 走廊

certain (adj.)

specific or particular; 某种，特定的