Chapter 8 Covalent Compounds

What does hydrogen want to reach & what does all other elements want to reach

Hydrogen wants an duet & other elements want an octect

Non-Metals form with other Non-Metals by?

Sharing instead of gaining

Diatomic Molecules

H2, N2, F2, O2, I2, CI2, Br2

Valence Electrons are involved the electrons involved in?

bonding

Electron-dot structure

Valence drawn out with the atom symbol & electrons being represented by dots

Covalent Bond

The chemical bond that results from two atoms that have one electron & shares those electrons

Lewis Structure

Drawn with lone pairs being dots & electrons shared being a line

Single Covalent Bond

When only one pair of electrons is shared

How many valance electrons does Li have?

1 valance electrons

How many valance electrons does Be have?

2 valance electrons

How many valance electrons does B have?

3 valance electrons

How many valance electrons does C have?

4 valance electrons

How many valance electrons does O have?

6 valance electrons

How many valance electrons does F have?

7 valance electrons

Bonding electrons pair in Lewis structure

A line which represents two electrons participating in a bond

Non-bonding electron pairs in Lewis structure

A dot or two representing electrons not participating in a bond

Atoms in group 17 can form how many bonds?

1 bond (Hint) not group 1

Atoms in group 16 can form how many bonds?

2 bond (Hint) not group 2

Atoms in group 15 can form how many bonds?

3 bond (Hint) not group 13

Atoms in group 14 can form how many bonds?

4 bonds

Atoms in group 13 can form how many bonds?

3 bonds (Hint) not group 15

Atoms in group 2 can form how many bonds?

2 bonds (Hint) not group 16

Atoms in group 1 can form how many bonds?

1 bonds (Hint) not group 17

mono-

1 atom

di-

2 atoms

tetra-

4 atoms

Penta-

5 atoms

hexa-

6 atoms

hepta-

7 atoms

Octa-

8 atoms

Nona-

9 electrons

deca-

10 electrons

What is the angle of the outer atoms for linear shape?

180-degrees

What is the angle of the outer atoms for Trigonal planar shape?

120-degrees

What is the angle of the outer atoms for tetrahedron shape?

109.5-degrees

What is the angle of the outer atoms for Trigonal bipyramidal shape?

90-degrees from pole to equator atoms, 120-degrees around the equator

VSEPR Theory

used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms

(SF5)

Pentafluorosulfanyl

(PCI6)

Hexaclorophosphate

What rows can make more then an octet?

Row 3 or higher can take up more then an ocre y

Non-bonding electron pairs are drawn where?

Only to the left & right

If you have only 1 atom of the first element you put?

No pre-fix

Solute

Substance dissolved

Solvent

Liquid water

Strong electrolytes

Substance that are completely ionized upon dissolution

Strong Acids

Dissolves totally in water to produce hydrogen ions H+

H+

Bare nucleus with one proton

Nitric acid

HNO3

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO4

Hydrochloric acid

HCI

HNO3 dissolved in water =

H+(aq) + NO-3(aq)

H2SO4 dissolved in water =

H+(aq) + HSO-4(aq)

HCI dissolved in water =

H+(aq) + CI-(aq)

Weak acids

Weak acids don’t totally dissolve in water to produce hydrogen ions H+, they only partially dissociate

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

KHP

KHP dissolved in water =

H+(aq) + KP-(aq)

Strong Bases

Strong base dissolved in water to produce hydroxide ions OH-

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH(s)

Ammonium hydroxide

NH4OH(aq)

NaOH(s) dissolved in water =

NA+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NH4OH(aq) dissolved in water =

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

When an acid and base react it is called a

Neutralization Reaction

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) =

H2O(l)

pH is?

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is a scale of 0-14

Basic solution on pH scale

7 & above

Acidic solution on pH scale

7 & below

Neutral solution on the pH scale

7

What is the observation of acidic concentration vs pH

As concentration is smaller the pH is higher

What is the observation of basic concentration vs pH

As concentration lowers the pH goes down

Volume • molarity =

Moles

g/mol=

Molar mass