anatomy

Compare and contrast the 3 types of muscle tissue.

skeletal muscle - moves the skeleton, voluntary movement

cardiac muscle - only in the heart, involuntary

smooth muscle - around organs, that regulate blood pressure

all are crucial to the function of our body

Identify the 4 major functions of muscles and give examples for each. (God of Muscles Notes)

producing body movement - walking

stabilizing body position - balancing/standing

storing/moving substances in the body - digestion

producing heat - shivering

What are the requirements for skeletal muscle to contract? (God of Muscles Notes)

nerve impulse, oxygen, and nutrients

What areas of the body are able to produce creatine phosphate? (God of Muscles Notes)

livers, kidneys, and pancreas

How can you get creatine through diet? (God of Muscles Notes)

milk, red meat, and fish

Provide an example of an activity that would utilize creatine phosphate. (God of Muscles Notes)

sprinting

How long does creatine phosphate allow for maximum muscle contraction? (God of Muscles Notes)

15 seconds

When does the body utilize anaerobic cellular respiration? Why does using this energy source lead to muscle soreness? (God of Muscles Notes)

lactic acid, because of the lack of oxygen our body is unable to convert the pyruvate to acetyl CoA so it creates lactate instead

What must be present to use aerobic cellular respiration ? Describe an activity that would rely on this source of energy. (God of Muscles Notes)

oxygen must be present

marathon

Explain what rigor mortis is and why it occurs. What causes it to eventually stop? (God of Muscles Notes)

after death cell membranes begin to leak, causes the muscles to be unable to contract or stretch

In the Marathon Mouse experiment/activity, how did the muscle tissue of a mouse with no exercise compare to an athlete mouse? What caused this difference? (Marathon Mouse)

because the athletic mouse often needed more energy due to the exercises it was doing the amount of mitochondria rich cells increased to accommodate this energy need

In the documentary, why did Jason go to the gym for relief from his dystonia? (Extraordinary Humans)

because it would tire out his muscles and relieve them

In the documentary, how did Ami's nervous system contribute to his extremely low weight of 39 pounds?(Extraordinary Humans)

he was unable to swallow or move the food in stomach

Temporalis

the head, near the temporal lobe

Masseter

just under the cheek bones

Sternocleidomastoid

the lateral neck region

Trapezius

shoulder muscle, near the clavicle

Deltoid

top of the humerus

Pectoralis

boobs

Rectus Abdominus

abs

Obliques

ribcage area

Biceps

Front of upper arm

triceps

Back of upper arm

Quadriceps

Front of thigh

Gastrocnemius

calf

Latissimus Dorsi

back waist

What is muscle fatigue? Why does it happen? Does it occur in the same way in all people? (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

muscle fatigue - the inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity

it happens because of lowered oxygen levels, depletion of nutrients, and lactic acid build-up

What color are Slow Oxidative fibers? What type of activities are they good for and why? (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

red fibers

good for activities that require stamina like cross country because they mainly do aerobic respiration

What color are Fast Glycolytic fibers? What type of activities are they good for and why? (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

dark red

good for activities that need medium stamina because it can do anaerobic and aerobic CR

How is cardiac muscle unique when it comes to lactic acid? (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

uses lactic acid to make ATP

Compare visceral and multiunit smooth muscle. (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

visceral - found around walls of small arteries and veins

multiunit - found in walls of larger arteries

How do muscles change as you age? What can you do to reverse these changes? (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

muscles are replaced connective tissue and fat

aerobic activity can slow or even reverse the impact

Describe the purpose of each term during movement: origin, insertion, belly. (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

origin - attachment of the muscle to stationary bone

insertion - attachment of muscle to moveable bone

belly - fleshy portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion

Explain the purpose of each during movement: prime mover, antagonist, synergist, fixator. (Muscle Knight Notes, Muscle Fatigue Lab)

prime mover - muscles that cause a desired action

antagonist - relaxes while prime mover contracts

synergist - helps the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements

fixator - stabilizes the origin

What hormone do anabolic steroids mimic? (Steroids Article)

testosterone

How do steroids affect males and females differently? (Steroids Article)

can cuase men to lose their masucline features while causing women to gain them

men - reduced sperm count, breast development, shrunken testies

women - loss of breast, facial hair growth, deepened voice

What benefits do steroid users believe "stacking" and "pyramiding" provide, respectively? (Steroids Article)

they believe it makes the steroid work better and reduce side effects

Aerobic respiration

oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly (lasts longer)

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen (lactic acid fermintation, lasts less)