Somatic Nervous system and introduction to neurology

T1

nervous system is made up of what

CNS and PNS

CNS consists of what

Brain and spinal cord

PNS consists of what

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, visceral nerves

structural divisions of the nervous system

CNS and PNS

Functional divisions of the nervous system

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

somatic nervous system is what kind of action

voluntary action and sensation

examples of voluntary conscious actions

motor and sensory

autonomic nervous system is what kind of action

involuntary

three divisions of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

sympathetic nervous system is apart of what CNS or PNS

PNS

parasympathetic nervous system is apart of what CNS or PNS

PNS

Enteric nervous system is apart of CNS or PNS

PNS

sympathetic nervous system does what

fight or flight

function of sympathetic nervous system

preparing the body to respond to a threat

examples of sympathetic nervous system

increased heart rate

faster breathing

dilated pupils

sympathetics arise from

T1-L2/3

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

rest and digest

function of parasympathetic nervous system

relax, recover from stress, repair and restore

examples of parasympathetic nervous system

decreased heart rate

slower breathing

constricted pupils

parasympathetics arise from

brain stem and sacrum S2-4

what does the enteric nervous system

control of the digestive system

enteric nervous system acts

autonomously but in conjunction with sympathetic and parasympathetic

because it is also in communication with the brain, immune system, microbiome

enteric nervous system manages what

motility

secretions

blood flow

parts of a neuron

cell body

denrites

axon

axon terminals

types of neurons

motor neurons

sensory neurons

interneurons

dendrites

short branched extension of a nerve cell

which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

cell body

where the nucleus and basic cell function occer

axon

sends signals AWAY from the cell (action potentials)

axon terminals

where synapse with dendrites of other neurons (continues to fire or not)

types of neurons

motor neurons (efferent)

sensory neurons (afferent)

interneurons

motor efferent neurons send signals where

out of the CNS

multipolar

create a change

sensory afferent neurons send signals where

into the CNS

pseudounoipolar

interneurons

normally multipolar neurons

in cns

processing and integration

myelination in CNS cells

oligodendrocytes myelinate many neurons

myelination in PNS

schwann cells myelinate the neurons but

myelinated schwann cells are tighly wrapped, faster signal

unmyelinated schwann cells loosely wrapped with multiple neurons

myelination

whitish fatty substance covers insulates neurons

wraps around axon to form the myelation sheath

myelination function

insulation

signal conduction

general support and protection

myelinated neurons conduct signals faster because

of nodes of ranvier are left open, or gaps and the signal travels faster through the gaps.

gray matter has what charateristics

neuron cell bodies

no myelin

processing and integration

gray matter in CNS

nucleus

gray matter in PNS

ganglion

white matter has

myelin

white matter in CNS

tract

sending signals

white matter in PNS

nerve

signals to and from CNS

ventral root is

efferent and motor

dorsal root is

afferent and sensor

reflex arc steps

stimulus, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

reflex arc stimulus

sensation

hot surface

reflex arc sensory neuron

afferent signal into the spinal cord

reflex arc interneuron

sometimes happens

integrates or processes sensory signal

reflex arc motor neuron

efference signal out of the spinal cord

reflex arc effector

tissue causing a response

ex; flinching

functional components of axons

general

special

somatic

visceral

efferent

afferent

general axons means what

found in many places

special axons means what

specific or unique structures

ex; eyes

somatic axons means what

voluntary conscious

the body wall like skin, bone, muscle, tendons, ligaments

visceral axons means what

involuntary unconscious

blood vessels, internal organs, and glands

efferent axons means what

exiting

motor

afferent axons means what

entering

sensory

GSE description

motor signals to skeletal muscle

GSA description

touch, temperature, pain, pressure, proprioception

GVE description

motor signals to organs and glands

blood vessels, sweet glands

GVA description

smooth muscle glands, internal organs

Name the functional components of these axons (3-letter code):

Contract a skeletal muscle

GSE

how to identify axon codes

1. in or out

2. voluntary or involuntary

3. general or special

functional components of axon

activate a sweet gland

GVE

functional components of axons

transmit signals from a pain receptor

GSA

functional components of axons

sense pressure on your foot

GSA

functional components of axons

detecting light coming into eyes

SSA

A nerve innervates the structures listed below. What functional types of axons must it all contain

skeletal muscle

skin

blood vessels

sweet glands

GSE GSA GVE GVA

most of the time what two axon codes go together

GVE and GVA

spinal nerves exit from where in the vertebrae

intervertebral foramen

how many pairs of spinal nerves

31

where is there one extra spinal nerve in the spine

c1-8

rules of the spinal nerves

nerves exit below the vertebra with the same name and number

exception of spinal nerve rules

c1-7 exit above the vertebra

c8 exits between

c7 and t1

why does c8 exit between from c7 and t1

there is no c8 vertebrae

What does a dermatome do

innervates the skin from a specific spinal nerve

what does a myotome do

innervates muscles from a specific spinal nerve

spinal nerve anatomy 4 parts are

motor parts

sensory parts

autonomic parts

mixed parts

motor parts of a spinal nerve consist of

ventral horn

ventral root

ventral horn and ventral roots deal with efferent or afferent

efferent

ventral horn is what of the spinal nerve

anterior protrusion of the gray matter

ventral horn of the spinal nerve contains what types of neurons

GSE

ventral root is what of the spinal nerve

the cord coming out of the neuron

what axons come out of the ventral root

GSE

Ventral root deals with what vertebrae

T1-L2/3

also sympathetic GVE

motor parts of the spinal nerve are always what

anterior and efferent

motor parts axons are always what codes

GSE sometimes GVE

Sensory parts of the spinal nerves

dorsal horn

dorsal root ganglion

dorsal root

dorsal horns come from where in the spinal nerve

posterior protrusion of gray matter

dorsal horns always have what axon codes

GSA GVA

Dorsal root ganglion is where on the spinal nerve

the bubble spot in the dorsal root

dorsal root ganglion have what cell bodies or codes

GSA GVA

Dorsal root is where on the spinal nerve

the cord looking part

dorsal root has what cell bodies or codes

GSA GVA

sensory parts of the spinal nerves always have what neurons or cell bodies

GSA GVA

sensory parts are always posterior or anterior, dorsal or ventral, afferent or efferent

posterior, dorsal, afferent

autonomic parts of the spinal nerve

lateral horn

sympathetic chain ganglia