cell components

Cytosol

• Found in all cells

• semifluid portion of cytoplasm

Nucleus

• location of DNA in eukaryotes

• double membrane

nucleoid

• region of DNA in prokaryotes

• not enclosed by a membrane

fimbriae

• attachment structures on prokaryotic cells

ribosomes

• found in ALL cells

• a complex that synthesizes proteins

• contain rRNA

plasma membrane

• found in ALL cells

• selective barrier enclosing the cytoplasm controlling movement of substances inside and outside the cell

cell wall

• found in plant cells and prokaryotes

• rigid structure outside plasma membrane providing structural support

flagella

• found in ALL cells

• locomotion organelle that enables movement in some cells, such as sperm and certain bacteria

• most likely evolved from centrioles (9 sets of triplet ring)

cilia

• found in eukaryotic cells (mostly animal)

• short hair-like structures that help with locomotion and brushing away substances. They can also play a role in sensory functions

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• found in eukaryotic cells

• site of lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and poison, and calcium ion storage

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• found in all eukaryotic cells

• have ribosomes on the surface, giving it a rough appearance

• site of protein synthesis

• continuous with the nuclear envelope

centrosome

• found in animal cells

• region where cells microtubules are initiated

• contains a pair of centrioles

cytoskeleton

• found in all cells

• reinforces cell shape and components of movement proteins (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules)

microfilaments

• part of cytoskeleton

• made up of actin protein filaments

• elongate and involved in movement (contraction) and shape of cell

microtubules

• part of cytoskeleton

• move chromosomes

• made of tubulin

intermediate filaments

• anchor down organelles

• made of keratin

microvilli

• found in animal cells (i.e small intestine)

• increase surface area for absorption and secretion.

peroxisome

• found in plant and animal cells

• matrix of enzymes involved in breaking down fatty acids, detoxification of harmful substances

• glyoxysomes (type of peroxisomes) are the site of energy conversion in plane cells

mitochondrion

• found in all eukaryotic cells

• site of cellular respiration and ATP generation

• double membrane (cristae)

lysosome

• found in animal cells and some plant

• contain digestive enzymes where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

• carry out phagocytosis and autophagy (detects damaged organelles and fuse with it)

golgi apparatus

• found in all eukaryotic cells

• stacks of fluid sacs

• modifies, sorts, secretes, and packages proteins and lipids

nuclear envelope

• found in all eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus, and consists of two lipid bilayer membranes with pores

• continuous with the rough ER

nucleolus

• found in all eurkaryotes

• nonmembranous structure involved with the production of ribosomal subunits

chromatin

• found in all eukaryotes

• material consisting of DNA and proteins that packages DNA into a compact, dense shape for cell division.

central vacuole

• found in plant cells

• storage and breakdown of waste products and hydrolysis of macromolecules

• Enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth

• involved in maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells and can store nutrients and waste products.

vacoules

• found in all eukaryotic cells (1 in plant, many in animals)

• store materials and transport them via endocytosis and exocytosis

• contractile (pump water) and food

plasmodesmata

• found in plant cells

• cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

chloroplasts

• found in plant cells

• site of photosynthesis

• thylakoid double membrane stacked into stroma

extracellular matrix

• found in animal cells

• composed of fribbar proteins like colagena nd fibronectin

• provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

endomembrane system

• nuclear envelope

• endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• lysosomes

• vacuoles

• vesicles

(Never ever go let valerie video)

endosymbiotic theory organelles

chloroplast and mitochondrion

tight cell junctions

Protein seals between cells in animal cells only

gap cell junctions

protein channels connecting cytoplasms of nearby cells to one another in animal cells only

plasmodesmata cell junctions

gap junctions in plants (channels)

desmosomes

cell-cell adhesions in animal cells

vesicles

• found in all cells

• membrane-bound sacs found inside or outside cells

motor proteins

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

amyloplast (plastid)

site of starch storage in plant cells, responsible for storing energy.

centrioles

• found in animal cells

• cylindrical structure made of microtubules associated with chromosome movement during cell division