Chapter 23 respiratory system

What consist of the Anatomy of the Upper tract within the Repiratory system?

Nose, pharynx, and associated structures

What consist of the Anatomy of the lower tract within the Repiratory system?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and the tubing within the lungs

What consist of the Nasal cavity?

Vestibule, Hard palate, nasal septum, and conchae

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Passageway of air, cleans as well as warms the air, and allows for smell

What are the three regions of the Pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

What is unique about the Nasopharynx?

pseudostratified columbar epithelium with goblet cells, and contains the opening of the eustachian tube.

What is unique about the oropharynx?

Shared with digestive system. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

What is unique about the Laryngopharynx?

Epiglottis to esophagus. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

What consist of the Unparied single cartilages?

Thyroid, Circoid, and Epiglottis,

What is the thyroid?

Largest single cartilage, adams apple

What is the Circoid cartilage?

Most inferor, base of larynx

What is the Epiglottis cartliage?

Attatched to thyroid and has a flap near base of tongue, elastic rather than hyaline cartlage

What consist of the paried cartliages?

Arytenoids, Cornciulatae, and Cuneiform

What is the Aarytenoid?

Attatched to Circoid

What is the Corniculate?

Attatched to Arytenoid

What is the cuneiform?

Contained in mucous membrane

What ligamentes extended from arytenoids to thryoid cartialge consist of what?

Vestibular folds or false vocal folds

What are true vocals cords or vocal folds do?

Sound prodcution opening in the epiglottis

Where is the Vestiuble located?

Just inside nares

Where is the hard palate located?

Floor of nasal cavity

Where is the Nasal spetum located?

(median wall) Partition dividing cavity. Anterior cartliage; Posteior vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Where is the conchae located and what are its traits?

Bony ridges on lateral walls with meatuses between, opennin’s to paranasal sinuses

What consist of the unparied single cartilage?

Thyroid, circoid, and epiglottis

What is the thyroid?

Largest single unpaired cartilages, commonly referred to as the Adams apple

What is the circoid?

A single unpaired cartilage most inferior to the base of the larynx

What is the epiglottis?

A single unpaired cartilage, attached to the thyroid and has a flap near the base of the tongue, Elastic rather than hyaline cartilage

What are the paired cartliages of the larynx?

Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

What is the arytenoids paired to?

Paired cartilage attached to the circoid

What are the corniculates paired to?

Paired cartilage of the larynx attached to the arytenoids

What is the cuneiform paired to?

Paired cartilage of the larynx contained within the mucous membrane

What are the names of the ligaments extended from the arytenoids to thyroid cartilage?

The vestibular folds commonly referred to as the false vocal cords
and the true vocal cords commonly referred to vocal folds

The function of the larynx is to maintain open passageway air movement to what cartilages?

Thyroid, and cricoid

What is the purpose of the epiglottis and vestibular folds?

Prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx

What is the purpose of the vocal folds which are located within the larynx?

Sound production

What is frequency?

Vibration that determines pitch

what determines the length of vocal cords?

Arytenoid cartilages and skeletal muscles

What is the purpose of the Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Trap debris to prevent entry into the lower respiratory tract

What exactly is the trachea?

Membranous tube of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle

What supports the trachea?

15-20 Hyaline cartilage C shaped rings

What is the posterior part of the trachea called and what does it consist of ?

Trachealis, and is elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle

What is the inner lining of the trachea made of? What purpose does it serve?

Cilliated epithelium with goblet cells, and has mucus that traps debris and cilia push it superiorly toward larynx and pharynx

What does the trachea split?

Left and right Bronchi

What is the carina?

Cartilage at bifurication located at t4/t5. innervates the cough reflex

What is the two primary levels of the trachea?

T4/T5

The primary bronchi divide into the secondary bronchi, what comes after this?

Tertiary bronchi

What is the teritary brocnhi

Bronchopulmonary segements

What is the repiratory zone?

Site for gas exchange

What do alveoli ducts make up?

Alveoli sacs

How is debris removed within the respiratory zone

macrophages

what is the Path of Tracheobronchial tree?

primary bronchus → secondary bronchi →

tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal

bronchiole → respiratory bronchiole →

alveoli

Within the respiratory membrane what are the three types of cells?

T1 Pneumocytes, T2 Pneumocytes, and dust cells

What is a T1 Pneumocyte?

Respiratory cell made of thin squamous epithelial cells, form 90% of surface of alveolus

What are type 2 pneumocytes?

Round to cube -shaped secretory cells. Produce surfactant

What are dust cells?

Respiratory cells found within the membrane, alveolar macrophages

What are the layers of the respiratory membrane?

Thin layer, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, thin intersitial fluid, and basement membrane, and capilarry endothelium

What is the thin layer of the repsiratory membrane?

Lining of the alveolous

What is alveolar epithelium?

Simple squamous epithelium

what makes up capilarry endothelium?

composed of simple squamous epithelium

what do the lunges sit on?

Base sits on diaphram

How many lobes the right lung got

3

How many lobes the left lung got

2

what is the indentation called in the left lung?

Caridac notch

what are lobules?

supplied by bronchioles and seperated by incomplete partitions

What is the pleura cavity?

Surrounds each lung and is formed by its membranes, filled with its flluid

What is the visceral pleura?

adherent to lung, simple squamous epithelium, serous

what is the parietal pleura?

Adherent to internal thoracic wall

What is inspiration and what muscles consist of it?

Diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor

What is quiet inspiration?

Account for 2/3 increase in size of thoracic volume, inferior movevement of central tendon and flattening of dome

what is expiration and what does it consist of?

Muscles that depress the ribs and sternum, abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

What is quiet expiration?

Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal with contraction of abdominal

Where is tidal volume located?

Between 3.0 and 2.5

Where is Inspiratory reserve volume located?

between 3.0 and 6.0

Where is Expiratory reserve volume located?

between 1.5 and 2.5

Where is residual volume located?

between 0 and 1.5

Where is inspiratory capcity located?

between 2.5 and 6.0

where is functional residual volume located?

between 0 and 1.5

Where is vital capacity located?

between 1.5 and 6.0

where is total lung capacity located?

between 0 and 6.0

What is tidal volume?

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest:

500 mL

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

amount that can be inspired forcefully after

inspiration of the tidal volume (3000 mL at rest)

what is Expiratory Reserve Volume

: amount that can be forcefully expired after

expiration of the tidal volume (1100 mL at rest)

what is Residual Volume (RV

volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs

after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)

what is Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

what is • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

expiratory reserve volume plus residual

volume

what is • Vital Capacity (VC)

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and

expiratory reserve volume

what is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

plus tidal volume and residual volume

what is pulmonary capacities?

the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes

What is IgG

resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins (75%-80%)

what is IgA

primarily found in glandular secretions. (10%-15%)

what is IgM

first type secreted after antigen arrives (5%-10%)

what is IgE

accelerates local inflammation (high in patients w/allergies)

what is IgD

found on the surface of B cells

What is the order

IRV, TV, FRC, ERV, IC, RV, VC, TLC