Global migration

Immobility paradox

Immobility paradox

Whereas we think the whole world is on the move(age of migration), 84% of people are still staying home.

Cumulative causation

Once migrants start coming, conditions are generated that make migration more likely

Myth of return

The idea that migrants would go back to the country of origin

Prejudice

Preconceived notion of what a person is and is going to do

Discrimination

The actual action that is done

Migration transition theory

Poor people, very little development, do not have the resources to migrate, once a country develops more people will be able to get out of that country. as it develops even more then other countries will migrate towards it.

Signaling theory

Looking at the signals and thinking about their previous experiences. Individuals also leave out and include certain information in their CV to look better for employers. Change in how employers might disadvantage groups during the selection process.

Why locals don't want migrant type jobs

1. increase in education

2. emancipation (women)

3. declining birth rates (less workers)

Domestic worker

Someone employed to (structurally) help at a household. Mainly women and migrants, often very little protection.

Stepwise migration

Moving from one country to another in a series of small moves, rather than just directly going there. Explained by two filter model.

Two filter model

People are bound by rationality. First, they filter what they actually want. Then, look at their opportunities, abilities and make the best choice available to them. Then restart with better opportunities.

Political options regarding refugees

1- severe asylum policies which only accept 'real' refugees, and rejects 'bogus asylum seekers'. 2. scare bogus asylum seekers by sending them back to previous countries or 'safe third countries'. 3. regional solutions. we should make sure we give money to countries in the region so the refugees stay there.

Unofficial refugee

Those who leave their countries for reasons of prosecution. Then they become an asylum seeker who apply, then you become an official refugee.

Principle of non-refoulement

Cannot ever send a migrant back as long as its not sure that these countries are safe. This is not followed that strictly anymore.

Material culture

Created through physical objects. the objects we own, the way we dress.

Symbolic culture

Ideas, beliefs. rules or customs, broad social systems or large-scale social patterns

Large scale social patterns

Things like marriage. things that characterize certain cultures. but also just the way we behave.

Lifestyle migration

Moving somewhere because of the lifestyle you expect to have there. Pursuing a better way of life, different from your home country.

Why has lifestyle migration become more popular?

1. Cheaper to travel

2. More information

3. More open minded

4. More freedom in choices

5. Economic privilege

6. Do-it-yourself biography

Liquid modernity/high modernity/late modernity

We become much more individualized. Previously things were stable and all (solid). but now things are less(liquid)

Bourdieusian analysis of class and migration

Interplay between external constraints and internalized structures (or habits and dispositions). There are structural constraints to your agency. surrounding structure and social stratification.

Field (Bourdieu)

Where it takes place

Game (Bourdieu)

Trying to achieve the good life through migration

Distinction (Bourdieu)

Everybody tries to distinguish themselves from others. Goes together with class, you always want to distinguish yourself from other classes.

Marx

Poverty is the main source of distinction between classes

Waves of international student migration

1. 2001 (9/11) --> US cut back on visa's, introduction of ECTS, Europe working together

2. 2008-2016 - attract many international students to survive budget cuts higher education

3. 2016 - student visa used by migrants, discussions on how many students the system can support

4. 2020 - pandemic didn't stop migration, populist ideas

Educational expansion

More and more people have higher education degrees

Education inflation

High degrees become less exclusive and less valuable, which means there is less potential to distinguish vertically with a higher education degree

Policy themes considering the role of the state

1- the question of control (rules of entry and exit and preventing or restricting) 2- questions of security and sovereignty (who can intervene, terrorism) 3- the issue of incorporation/ integration

Why is migration still facilitated by governments

1. lobbying by companies

2. more migrant rights after WW2 (e.g. family reunification)

Migration state model

Management of flows of people across state borders is as important to contemporary states as the management of violence or trade

Liberal paradox

Balance logic of markets (economic) and logic of rights (political & legal). You want economic growth, but also want to listen to citizens who don't want it and also want to respect fundamental rights

Options for liberal paradox

1. push migrants back

2. public discourse on closing certain migration channels while secretly opening up other ones

3. symbolic policies

Reasons for growth when governments say they will close borders

1. People go before border closes

2. Families brought over

3. Waterbed effect

4. Category jumping (overstaying, family reunification)

5. Now or never migration

6. discouragement return migration and circulation

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Most migrants migrate short distances to 'absorption centres'

2. Rural area → urban area → rural depopulation → migration towards rural areas from further away

3. 'absorption' (in-migration) at the expense of 'dispersion' (out-migration)

4. Each migration stream has a counterstream

5. Long-distance migrants head to great centres of commerce and industry

6. Those in rural areas migrate more compared to those in urban areas

7. Women migrate more, particularly short distances

Push and Pull Theories

There are push factors and pull factors push factors- unemployment, war, etc. pull factors- employment, reasons to move somewhere.

Neoclassical theory macro

Differences between countries in terms of capital and labour. Some are richer than others, some countries have many people unemployed, some have shortages of labour.

Neoclassical theory micro

People make individual rational decisions, have perfect information and are homo economicus. always make the best decision available.

Behaviourist approach (Woller)

You experience stress in your country. There is a threshold in distress, when you pass that threshold you migrate abroad. People tend to go to a place where they have the highest utility, meaning. they move to a place where they can satisfy their needs.

New economics of migration

Focus on households. People in developing countries do not have insurance against many risks. Migration covers risks (e.g. alternative income). Relative deprivation explains people moving internationally.

Relative deprivation

How much you have in comparison to the people around you. It is relative poverty rather than absolute poverty that motivates people to migrate.

Preconditions for relative deprivation

1- person A does not have X 2- person A knows other persons that have X 3- person A wants to have X 4- person A believes obtaining X is realistic

Labour market segmentation theories

Market consists of a formal, capital intensive part of the labour market(primary), and the informal, labour intensive part of the labour market (secondary) . Local population does not want to do secondary jobs anymore, migrants do want to do those jobs.

Dependency theory

The world is inherently unequal, global power relations exist where core countries make periphery countries dependent on the core countries.

Social network theories

Social networks lower migration costs- location specific social capital, knowledge about where to find housing, or jobs, or what to do. Mainly reinforced by reproduction of networks. Weak ties most important. Social networks institutionalize (NGO's & agencies).

Requirements for citizenship (principles)

1. lus sanguinis- law of the blood. if your parents are dutch you are also dutch.

2. lus solis- law of the soil. if you are born in country X you are citizen of country X.

3. lus comicili- law of residence. if you stay in a country for X years you are a citizen. this one is usually mixed

Residential segregation

Strong presence of a specific group in one spatial units combined with relatively low presence in others.

Mechanisms leading to residential segregation

1. ethnic flight

2. ethnic avoidance

Ethnic flight

Local (majority) population will move away when migrants move into an area (lack of connections/knowledge, can't afford, discrimination on housing market)

Ethnic avoidance

Majority population avoid where migrants live

Racism

Exploitation or exclusion of groups considered inferior, based on physical or cultural markers.

Ethnicity

A source of identity which lies in society and culture.

• language

• shared history/ancestry

• religion

• styles of dress/adornment

Characteristics of ethnic minority groups

1- unequal treatment. 2-physical or cultural traits (both race and ethnicity) 3- ascribed status. you are born with it, you cannot get rid of it. 4-solidarity- the members of a group stick together. shared feeling of hardship. 5-in-group marriage. ethnic minority groups do a lot of in-group marriage.

Development

Expanding the substantive freedoms that people enjoy

Labour migration

1. the individual (human capital)

2. social networks

3. labour market itself (hierarchy in sectors)

4. the state

Statistical discrimination theory

Employers think about what they know about the ethnicity of the migrant. and use that to make decision

How employers influence migrants in the labor market

1. signaling theory

2. statistical discrimination theory