Chapter 11

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24 Terms

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Observational Study
A study where researchers observe and record behavior without manipulating variables.
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Retrospective Study
A study that looks back at events that have already taken place.
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Prospective Study
A study that follows subjects into the future to observe outcomes.
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Random Assignment
The process of assigning subjects to different treatment groups by chance.
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Factor
An explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter.
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Response Variable
The outcome measured in an experiment or study.
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Experiments
Studies where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effect on an outcome.
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Subjects Or Participants
Individuals or animals taking part in a study or experiment.
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Experimental Units
The smallest division of experimental material to which a treatment is independently applied.
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Levels
Different values of the factors in an experiment.
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Treatment
A specific experimental condition applied to the subjects.
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Principles Of Experimental Design
Guidelines that include control, randomization, and replication to ensure reliable and valid results.
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Block
A group of experimental units that share similar characteristics.
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Completely Randomized Design
An experimental design where all units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment.
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Effect Size
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables.
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Statistically Significant
An observed effect large enough that it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
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Control Group/Control Treatment
The group or treatment that does not receive the experimental intervention.
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Blinding
Keeping study participants, investigators, or both unaware of the treatment assignments.
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Single-Blind And Double Blind
In single-blind studies, subjects do not know their treatment. In double-blind studies, both subjects and experimenters do not know the treatment assignments.
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Placebo
A fake treatment given to the control group to mimic the experimental treatment.
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Placebo Effect
The phenomenon where subjects improve simply because they believe they are receiving a real treatment.
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Randomized Block Design
An experimental design that groups subjects into blocks based on characteristics before random assignment to treatments.
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Matching
Pairing subjects in a study based on similar characteristics.
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Confounding
When an outside variable affects the response variable and the explanatory variable, leading to erroneous conclusions.