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Observational Study
A study where researchers observe and record behavior without manipulating variables.
Retrospective Study
A study that looks back at events that have already taken place.
Prospective Study
A study that follows subjects into the future to observe outcomes.
Random Assignment
The process of assigning subjects to different treatment groups by chance.
Factor
An explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter.
Response Variable
The outcome measured in an experiment or study.
Experiments
Studies where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effect on an outcome.
Subjects Or Participants
Individuals or animals taking part in a study or experiment.
Experimental Units
The smallest division of experimental material to which a treatment is independently applied.
Levels
Different values of the factors in an experiment.
Treatment
A specific experimental condition applied to the subjects.
Principles Of Experimental Design
Guidelines that include control, randomization, and replication to ensure reliable and valid results.
Block
A group of experimental units that share similar characteristics.
Completely Randomized Design
An experimental design where all units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment.
Effect Size
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables.
Statistically Significant
An observed effect large enough that it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Control Group/Control Treatment
The group or treatment that does not receive the experimental intervention.
Blinding
Keeping study participants, investigators, or both unaware of the treatment assignments.
Single-Blind And Double Blind
In single-blind studies, subjects do not know their treatment. In double-blind studies, both subjects and experimenters do not know the treatment assignments.
Placebo
A fake treatment given to the control group to mimic the experimental treatment.
Placebo Effect
The phenomenon where subjects improve simply because they believe they are receiving a real treatment.
Randomized Block Design
An experimental design that groups subjects into blocks based on characteristics before random assignment to treatments.
Matching
Pairing subjects in a study based on similar characteristics.
Confounding
When an outside variable affects the response variable and the explanatory variable, leading to erroneous conclusions.
Note
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