Lecture Test 1 - BIO

What is anatomy?

the study of body structures - what they’re made of, where they’re located, and how they’re organized.

List 2 subdivisions of anatomy:

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

Give an example of something anatomy studies:

dissecting the heart to examine its chambers and valves

What is physiology?

The study of how body parts function - including chemical and physical processes

Give an example of something physiology studies:

investigating how the heart muscle contracts to pump blood throughout the day.

What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?

1. Chemical – Atoms → molecules
   Example: DNA, glucose

2. Cellular – Cells are the basic units of life.

3. Tissue – Similar cells working together.
   Example: muscle tissue

4. Organ – Multiple tissue types working together.
   Example: stomach

5. Organ System – Multiple organs working together.
   Example: digestive system

6. Organism – A complete living human being.

What is the order of the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest?

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

What are the 9 characteristics of life?

• Organization – Living things have organized parts.

• Metabolism – Use energy to build and break down materials.

• Responsiveness – Sense and react to changes.

• Movement – Move the body or internal parts.

• Growth – Make more cells or enlarge existing cells.

• Reproduction – Produce new cells or organisms.

• Homeostasis – Keep internal conditions stable.

• Development – Change and mature over time.

• Adaptation – Adjust to the environment to survive.

What is homeostasis?

Keeping the body's internal conditions stable despite changes inside or outside the body.

Example: maintaining a stable body temperature.

What is metabolism?

The process of using energy to build up and break down materials in the body.

What are the 3 key concepts of metabolism?

Anabolism → Builds molecules
Example: muscle growth, hormone synthesis

Catabolism → Breaks down substances
Example: digestion, cellular respiration

ATP → The cell's energy currency, produced during metabolism.

How do you remember the 3 key concepts of metabolism?

A = Add/build → Anabolism
C = Cut/break down → Catabolism
ATP = Energy → The cell’s energy currency

What are the 5 requirements for life?

Water → Solvent, coolant, and transport medium
Nutrients → Provide energy and raw materials

Oxygen → Needed for ATP production

Heat → Maintains body temperature for enzyme activity
Pressure → Needed for breathing and blood circulation