Science - CH2: Cells

What is a stereo microscope?

A type of microscope that provides a three-dimensional view of the specimen.

What unit is commonly used to measure microscopic objects?

Micrometre (μm)

How much can electron microscopes magnify?

Up to a million times.

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM).

What are organelles?

Tiny structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

What is the function of mitochondria?

They are the powerhouses of the cell, releasing energy from food.

What do lysosomes do?

They act as garbage disposal units that remove waste from the cell.

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

It forms pathways that allow materials to move quickly and easily through the cell.

What is the nucleus's role in a cell?

It controls all chemical reactions, development, and reproduction of the cell.

What is cytoplasm?

A jelly-like mixture where the work of the cell takes place.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

It holds the cell together and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

What is a vacuole?

A storage structure that may contain wastes or chemicals in a cell.

What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, larger vacuoles, and chloroplasts.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

They contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis in plants.

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which plants make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

What distinguishes fungal cells from plant and animal cells?

Fungal cells have a cell wall but do not have chloroplasts and cannot make their own food.

What are unicellular organisms?

Living things made up of only one cell.

How do unicellular organisms reproduce?

By cell division, specifically through a process called mitosis.

What is the significance of bacteria in the human body?

Some can cause disease, while others help maintain health and are used in food production.

What are protists?

Unicellular organisms, most are harmless, but some can cause illness.

How can you ensure water is safe to drink when untreated?

Boil the water before drinking to kill harmful organisms.

What role does mitosis play in the human body?

It is responsible for growth and repair, producing new cells when skin is cut or scraped.

What disease is caused by uncontrolled mitosis?

Cancer

What are multicellular organisms?

Organisms made up of millions of cells that work together, each specialized for specific functions.

What are the three types of muscle in the human body?

Voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac muscle.

What is the function of voluntary muscles?

Muscles, like biceps and triceps, are controlled consciously to move the body.

What is unique about cardiac muscle?

The muscle is involuntary, has a striped appearance, and does not tire, allowing the heart to beat continuously.

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells and transport some carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

What is the role of white blood cells?

These cells are part of the immune system and help the body fight infections.

What are the two types of fat cells in the body?

Brown fat cells produce heat, while white fat cells store energy and provide insulation.

What is the function of specialized plant cells?

These cells perform specific functions, such as transporting water and nutrients or conducting photosynthesis.

What is the role of chlorophyll in plant cells?

Chlorophyll captures sunlight for photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.

What is the significance of axons in nerve cells?

Axons are long fibers that allow nerve cells to carry messages over long distances within the body.

How do muscle cells differ from other cell types?

They are specialized for contraction and movement, with distinct types for voluntary and involuntary actions.

What happens during the division of a cell in mitosis?

The nucleus divides first, followed by the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

How many types of muscles are there?

Three

How do red blood cells differ from other cells in the body?

They do not have a nucleus, which allows for more space to carry oxygen.

What is the function of nerve cells?

They transmit information between the brain and other body parts, facilitating communication and response.

What are the four types of tissues in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

It forms a continuous layer covering the body and lines internal organs.

What is the role of connective tissue?

It supports and binds other tissues and organs together.

What is muscle tissue specialized for?

It is specialized for contraction, allowing movement.

How do nerve tissues function?

They send electrical signals around the body.

What is an organ?

A structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs that work together to perform complex functions.

What is the largest organ in the human body?

The skin.

What are the main functions of the digestive system?

To change food into a form that the body can use.

What is the role of the respiratory system?

To bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.

What does the skeletal system do?

It provides structure and support to the body.

What is the function of the excretory system?

To remove waste products from the body.

What are the two types of transport tissue in plants?

Xylem and phloem.

What does xylem do?

It carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant.

What is the function of phloem?

It transports glucose from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

It captures sunlight to convert it into chemical energy.

What are the main components needed for photosynthesis?

Water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and chlorophyll.

What is the function of roots in plants?

They absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

What is the role of leaves in plants?

They capture sunlight for photosynthesis and exchange gases.

How do muscles work to move the arm?

They contract to pull bones, with biceps lifting and triceps lowering the arm.

What happens when a ligament is sprained?

It’s fibers may be torn, causing pain and instability.

How do organ systems interact in the body?

They work together to perform complex tasks necessary for survival.

What is the significance of the heart in the circulatory system?

It pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and produce urine, removing waste from the body.

What is the role of the brain in the nervous system?

It processes information and sends signals to the body.

What type of microscope uses light to magnify specimens?

Light microscope

What is the function of an electron microscope?

To provide high-resolution images of specimens using electron beams.

What is the role of chloroplasts in cells?

To conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.

What is mitosis?

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

What are specialized cells?

Cells that have specific functions within an organism.

What is a light microscope?

A microscope that has a light passing through the specimen in order to see it.

What do specimen have to be to be seen on light microscopes?

They have to be very thin in order for light to pass through it easily.

What is a monocular microscope?

A light microscope with only one ocular lens.

What is a binocular microscope?

A light microscope with two ocular lenses.

What are stereo microscopes?

Microscopes with two ocular lenses, each focusing on the same point but from different angles.