MCAT Terms/Definitions

Nucleolus

part of a eukaryotic cell which synthesizes rRNA

cristae

infolding of the mitochondria

autolysis

release of enzymes from a lysosome resulting in apoptosis

Smooth ER

Which organelle detoxifies certain drugs'/poisons

carbohydrates, phosphates, sulfates

what groups are often added by the golgi apparatus?

exocytosis

secretion pathway that goes Golgi - secretory vesical - cell membrane

Peroxisome

organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide - breaks down fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation, synthesizes phospholipids, contains enzymes for the pentose phosphate pathway

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

3 components of the cytoskeleton

actin

what protein makes up microfilaments?

myosin

what interacts with microfilaments and ATP to cause muscle contractions

microfilaments

what element of the cytoskeleton plays a role in cytokinesis and is resistant to fracture and compression?

tubulin

what protein makes up microtubules?

Microtubules

which type of cytoskeletal protein provides a pathway for kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles, makes up cilia and flagella, and are made by centrioles during mitosis

9 + 2 structure

what structure is seen in microtubules in eukaryotic organelles of motility

keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins

what 4 types of proteins are often seen in intermediate filaments?

intermediate filaments

which type of cytoskeletal molecule is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and structural regidity?

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

what are the 4 types of tissue in the body?

Epithelial tissue

what tissue covers the body/lines cavities, involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation, is usually polarized

basement membrane

the underlying layer of connective tissue that connects to the epithelial layer

parenchyma

the functional part of an organ usually composed of epithelial cells

lumen

hollow inside of an organ or tube

Simple Epithelia

epithelia with one layer of cells

stratified epithelia

epithelia with multiple layers

pseudostratified epithelia

epithelia with one layer that appear to have multiple

cuboidal

cube shaped epithelial cells

columnar

long and thin shaped epithelial cells

squamous

flat/scale shaped epithelial cells

Connective tissue

which tissue type contributes most to stroma, produces materials to form the extracellular matrix

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood

examples of connective tissues

collagen and elastin

examples of materials in the extracellular matrix

nucleoid region

where DNA is concentrated in a prokaryotic cell

start translation with MET, similar RNA pols, associate DNA with histones

similarities between eukaryotes and archaea

circular chromosome, binary fission/budding, overall structure

similarities between prokaryotes and archaea

fimbriae

bacterial structures similar to cilia

bacterial ribosome

what is a common site of attack for antibiotics, as it is smaller than the eukaryotic equivalent

cocci

spherical bacteria

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

spirilli

spiral-shaped bacteria

aerotolerant anaerobes

okay with oxygen in the environment, but cannot use it for metabolism