bio quiz, scientific method and characteristics of life

Scientific Method

method of research with defined steps that include research and observation

Hypothesis

suggested explanation for an event,  can be tested

Theory

a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Natural Sciences

any field related to the physical world and processes

Inductive reasoning

using related observations to arrive at a general conclusion; descriptive or discovery based science

Deductive reasoning

- hypothesis based science

deductive reasoning cycle

theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation

inductive reasoning

observation, pattern, hypothesis, theory

scientific method

make an observation

ask a question

form a hypothesis that answers the question

make a prediction based on hypothesis

do an experiment based on prediction

analyze the results

determine if hypothesis is incorrect or correct

report results

what do you do if hypothesis is incorrect after analyzing results?

go back to 3 step and form another hypothesis that answers the question

hypothesis

is a suggested explanation that you can test

- must be testable

- must be falsifiable

prediction

follows a hypothesis, an “if…then” statement

A valid hypothesis must be

testable and falsifiable

Your results should have methods that can show your initial hypothesis is correct, AND consider data that would show it to be false.

Null Hypothesis

The hypothesis that NO relationship between two variables.  

Sometimes your goal is to DISPROVE the null hypothesis.

Spontaneous generation

was a hypothesis that suggested life could form from inorganic matter.

Independent Variable

(What you did)

 ---- Manipulated Variable

 ---- Graph on X Axis

(this is time on many graphs)

Dependent Variable

(What you measure)

----- Responding

----- Graph on Y axis

Correlation does not equal

causation!

Sample Size

- large sample sizes decrease errors

- scientists do long term experiments

- in class, we will often compile data

Mean 

average 

Median

center point of a data set

Mode

most frequent value

Standard Deviation

measure of the amount of variation of the values around the mean

Standard Error

measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate

Error Bars

An error bar is a line through a point on a graph which represents the variation or spread of data

on graphs show spread of data.

Overlapping error bars indicate no statistical difference between the data sets

CER Charts 

Claim

Evidence

Reasoning

Claim

a sentence that answers a question or draws a conclusion from a data set.  It may also describe the relationship between independent and dependent variable.

Evidence

sufficient and appropriate details that support the claim  (qualitative or quantitative data)

Reasoning

shows how or why the data count as evidence and may include scientific principles that link to the phenomenon.

After scientists have conducted research, in order for the conclusions to be considered valid, they must publish their findings in a ____ journal.

PEER-REVIEWED

Characteristics of life do what

distinguish living things from non-living things

for something to be considered alive it has to show ALL 8

All 8 characteristics of life

Made up of Cell(s)

Reproduce

Grow and Develop

Maintain Homeostasis

Metabolism/Energy Source

Respond to stimuli/environment

Heredity/DNA

Adapt or Adaptions/Evolution or Evolve

Cells

All living things are made up of cells

basic building block for life and smallest living unit that can carry out life’s processes

living things can be unicellular or multicellular

Reproduce/Reproduction

All living things reproduce

can happen asexualy (one parent) or sexually involving joining of reproductive cells, usually from 2 parents

Grow and Develop

All living things grow and develop

happens when cells increase in size or divide to produce new cells

as living things grow they also change becoming more complex

development occurs throughout an organism’s life

Maintaining Homeostasis

All living things must keep their internet condition stable to stay alive even when their environment changes

Metabolism/Energy Source

All living things obtain and use energy for their metabolic activities

some organisms use sunlight to make food that stores chemical energy while others consume food to gain chemical energy

Respond to Stimuli/Environment

All living things detect and respond to stimuli or changes in their environment a stimulus can come from inside or out the body

the ability to respond is called homeostasis and helps organisms stay alive

Heredity/DNA

All living things contain genetic information in the form of DNA

DNA contains instructions that influence an organism’s traits and life processes

this is passed from parent to offspring

Adapt or Adaptions/Evolution or Evolve

All living things have adaptions that help them survive and reproduce in their environment

these are inherited traits that develop in populations over generations

arise through evolution

A tadpole changing into a frog is?

development

bacteria dividing and becoming 2 is?

reproduction (asexualy)

eating because you feel hungry is?

response to stimuli

your body temperature staying the same is?

homeostasis

what you need for all activities is?

energy

group of cells working together is?

organization

a sloth that increases in length by 1’’ is?

growth

multi cellular organisms have a greater level of what compared to unicellular

organization