all pc str. 1

1. Quinine

Natural 4-substituted quinoline (levo isomer) from Cinchona; blood schizontocide.

2. Quinidine

Dextro isomer of quinine; used as an antimalarial and antiarrhythmic.

3. Mefloquine (Lariam)

4-substituted quinoline-methanol with two trifluoromethyl groups; targets 80S ribosome.

4. Chloroquine (Avloclor)

7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline; prevents toxic heme polymerization into non-toxic hemozoin.

5. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)

Active metabolite of chloroquine; used for malaria and auto-immune diseases (e.g., RA).

6. Amodiaquine

7-chloro-4-arylaminoquinoline with para-amino phenol; produces hepatotoxic quinonimine.

7. Primaquine

8-amino quinoline primary amine; drug of choice for "radical cure" (eradicates hypnozoites).

8. Pamaquine

1st synthetic antimalarial; 8-amino quinoline tertiary amine; more toxic than primaquine.

9. Sulfadoxine

Long-acting sulfonamide Type I antifolate; combined with Pyrimethamine in Fansidar.

10. Dapsone (DDS)

Bis-para-aminophenylsulphone; Type I antifolate schizontocide; used in leprosy.

11. Pyrimethamine

Type II antifolate diaminopyrimidine with ethyl/chloro-phenyl groups; inhibits DHFR.

12. Proguanil

Biguanide prodrug for cycloguanil; part of Malarone combination.

13. Cycloguanil

Active metabolite of proguanil; selective DHFR inhibitor in parasites.

14. Atovaquone

Naphthoquinone; disrupts mitochondrial electron transfer; part of Malarone.

15. Artemisinin

Natural tricyclic lactone endoperoxide from sweet wormwood; generates free radicals.

16. Dihydroartemisinin

Semi-synthetic artemisinin; better metabolic stability than the natural form.

17. Artemether

Lipophilic artemisinin derivative; part of Coartem combination therapy.

18. Artesunate

Water-soluble artemisinin hemi-succinate; sodium salt used by injection for severe malaria.

19. Lumefantrine

Blood schizontocide combined with artemether in the ACT Coartem.

20. Pyronaridine

Blood schizontocide inhibiting haemozoin pigment; part of Pyramax.

Sulphonamides & Antifolates

21. Sulfamethazine

Short-acting sulphonamide with a dimethyl-substituted pyrimidine ring.

22. Sulfadiazine

Intermediate-acting sulphonamide with an unsubstituted pyrimidine ring.

23. Sulfameter

Long-acting sulphonamide with a methoxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.

24. Sulfaguanidine

Highly polar intestinal agent identified by its N1-amidino group.

25. Phthalyl Sulphathiazole

Intestinal prodrug with an N4-phthalyl group; cleaved by intestinal amidases.

26. Succinyl Sulphathiazole

Intestinal prodrug with an N4-succinyl group.

27. Sulphasalazine

Features an azo bond (-N=N-); cleaved to release 5-ASA for ulcerative colitis.

28. Trimethoprim

Type II antifolate; 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl group and a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine ring.

29. Mafenide acetate

Topical agent with an aminomethyl group instead of aniline amine; for burns.

30. Silver sulphadiazine

Topical agent specifically active against Pseudomonas in burn patients.

Beta-Lactams

31. Penicillin G

Natural penicillin with a benzyl side chain; narrow spectrum.

32. Penicillin V

Phenoxymethyl penicillin; acid-stable due to electron-withdrawing oxygen; oral use.

33. Ampicillin

Broad-spectrum Class 1 penicillin with an alpha-amino group on the side chain.

34. Amoxycillin

Class 1 penicillin; alpha-amino and para-hydroxy groups provide acid stability.

35. Carbenicillin

Broad-spectrum Class 2 penicillin with an alpha-carboxy group; targets Pseudomonas.

36. Ticarcillin

Thienyl isostere of carbenicillin; Class 2 antipseudomonal.

37. Pipracillin

Acylureido penicillin featuring a piperazine moiety; broad spectrum.

38. Methicillin

Bulky 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group provides steric hindrance; beta-lactamase resistant.

39. Oxacillin

Isoxazolyl side chain; beta-lactamase resistant penicillin.

40. Clavulanic acid

Beta-lactamase inhibitor with an oxapenam ring system (O replaces S).

Sulbactam

Beta-lactamase inhibitor; penicillanic acid sulfone (SO2).

42. Thienamycin

Broad-spectrum carbapenem parent structure.

43. Imipenem

Carbapenem always co-administered with cilastatin to prevent renal degradation.

44. Meropenem

Broad-spectrum carbapenem resistant to renal dehydropeptidase.

45. Aztreonam

Monobactam containing a standalone, non-fused beta-lactam ring.

46. Timocillin

6-methoxy derivative of ticarcillin; resists some beta-lactamases.

47. Cephalexin

1st generation oral cephalosporin.

48. Cefadroxil

1st generation cephalosporin; orally active.

49. Cephradine

1st generation cephalosporin.

50. Cefamandole

2nd generation cephalosporin with an N-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT) group.

51. Cefuroxime

2nd generation cephalosporin with a methoxyimino group for stability.

52. Cefaclor

2nd generation cephalosporin with a chlorine at C3.

53. Loracarbef

Carbacephem related to cefaclor; S replaced by C in the ring.

54. Cefprozil

2nd generation cephalosporin.

55. Cefotaxime

3rd generation; metabolized by esterases to active desacetylcefotaxime.

56. Ceftizoxime

3rd generation cephalosporin.

57. Cefoperazone

3rd generation with NMTT group and piperazine side chain.

58. Cefixime

3rd generation with high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

59. Ceftriaxone

3rd generation; very long half-life due to high protein binding.

60. Cefixime

Orally active 3rd generation cephalosporin.

61. Cefepime

4th generation cephalosporin with broad spectrum.

62. Cefoxitin

Cephamycin with a C7-methoxy group; provides extreme beta-lactamase resistance.

Tetracyclines, Macrolides & Aminoglycosides

63. Chlortetracycline

Tetracycline with a chlorine at position 7 (Aureomycin).

64. Oxytetracycline

Tetracycline with an extra hydroxyl group at position 5 (Terramycin).

65. Tetracycline

Standard fused four-ring naphthacene nucleus.

• Demeclocycline

7-chloro tetracycline lacking the 6-methyl group.

67. Doxycycline

6-deoxy tetracycline; stable in acids and bases because it lacks the 6-OH group.

68. Minocycline

Tetracycline with a 7-dimethylamino group.

69. Sancycline

Simplest active member of the tetracycline family.

70. Rolitetracycline

Tetracycline prodrug

71. Erythromycin

14-membered lactone ring; prevents translocation at the 50S subunit.

72. Clarithromycin

Erythromycin with a C6-methyl ether substitution for increased acid stability.

73. Azithromycin

15-membered macrolide with an inserted N-methyl group; prolonged duration.

74. Spiramycin

Macrolide primarily used for toxoplasmosis.

75. Streptomycin

Aminoglycoside; streptidine, streptose, and N-methyl-glucosamine linked.

76. Neomycin

Potent aminoglycoside used topically or for bowel preparation before surgery.

77. Paromomycin

Aminoglycoside used for intestinal amebiasis.

78. Gentamycin

Common broad-spectrum bactericidal aminoglycoside.

79. Tobramycin

Aminoglycoside often preferred for Pseudomonas infections.

80. Kanamycin

Early aminoglycoside antibiotic.

81. Clindamycin

Lincomycin derivative; sulfur-containing antibiotic active against anaerobes.

Antimycobacterials & Antiprotozoals

82. Isoniazid (INH)

inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in TB.

83. Pyrazinamide

Pyrazine ring with carboxamide; essential 1st line TB drug.

84. Ethambutol

Ethylenediamino-dibutanol; d-isomer is active against TB.

85. Ethionamide

2nd line TB drug featuring a thioamide group.

86. Cycloserine

D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone; prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis.

87. Clofazimine

Tricyclic phenazine dye used for leprosy.

88. PAS (Para-Amino Salicylic Acid)

Competitive inhibitor of PABA specific for TB.

89. Thiacetazone

TB drug featuring a thiosemicarbazone group.

90. Metronidazole

5-nitroimidazole; reduced to reactive intermediates that alkylate anaerobic DNA.

91. Tinidazole

5-nitroimidazole with ethylsulphonylethyl side chain; longer half-life than metronidazole.

92. Nitazoxanide

Thiazolyl-benzamide inhibiting PFOR enzyme in protozoa and anaerobes.

93. Diloxanide Furoate

Luminal amebicide prodrug; structurally related to chloramphenicol.

94. Iodoquinol

8-hydroxyquinoline with two iodines (positions 5, 7); luminal amebicide.