LEA 1 – Law Enforcement Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)

Vocabulary flashcards covering the historical evolution of law enforcement organization and administration from the Anglo-Saxon period to modern Philippine police systems.

Thanes

Landowners under King Alfred the Great who were decreed responsible to police territory, deliver criminals to the King, and settle civil litigations during the Anglo-Saxon period ($600-1066\,AD$).

Frankpledge System

A system of mutual pledge during the Anglo-Saxon period where every male over $12$ years old joined nine ($9$) neighbors to form a group for policing duties.

Tythingmen

A group of ten men, whose head was called a tythingman, responsible for apprehending persons who offend others and delivering them for trial.

Tun Policing

The forerunner of the word "town," this system required all male residents to guard the town to preserve peace, order, and protect life and properties.

Hue and Cry

A system where a complainant/victim calls all male residents to assemble in the community middle to report a complaint, after which the assembly pursues and apprehends the criminal.

Royal Judge System

A system where a judge conducts criminal investigations and assigns punishments fitted to the crime, marking the start of criminal identification.

Trial by Ordeal

An ancient practice where a suspect placed hands over boiling water or oil; acquittal followed if unhurt, while being hurt resulted in a guilty verdict, often involving double jeopardy.

Shire-Reeve System

Established by King William Norman, who divided England into $55$ military districts; the Shire meant the district and the Reeve meant the ruler who made laws and passed judgment.

Sheriff

The evolved title from "Shire-reeve," referring to the chief of constables or police officers in a certain town.

Court of the Tourn

A court that heard petty offences and civil matters, from which $12$ tythingmen were selected for serious cases, originating the modern $12$-member jury concept.

Court Leet

Normans-established court looking after local interests and petty village nuisances, headed by the "Comes Stable" or Master of the House.

Constable

The modern name derived from the term "Comes Stable," which originally referred to the Master of the House appointed to keep peace in a specific area.

Legis Henrie

A law enacted under King Henry I that classified law violations as offenses against the King, made policemen public officials, and created the Grand Jury.

Keepers of the Peace

Created in $1195$ by King Richard, requiring the appointment of Knights to stand as guards on bridges and gates to check people entering cities.

Magna Carta (Great Charter)

Sealed on June $15, 1215$, by King John; it declared no freeman shall be imprisoned except by legal judgment and established the need for proof of the body ($corpus\,delicti$) in murder cases.

Statute of Winchester (1285)

A law enacted during the Westminster Period for law and order that introduced the system of Watch and Ward.

Statute of 1295

The law that began the closing of the gates of London during sunset and started the observation of curfew hours.

Justice of the Peace

A position given to a respected citizen with the power to arrest, pursue, and imprison offenders.

Star Chamber Court

A special court established during the Westminster Period to try offenders against the state.

Night Watchmen

Also called Bellmen or Charlies, they were established by King Charles II in $1663$ to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

Bow Street Runners

The first group of thief catchers organized by Henry Fielding while he was the Chief Magistrate at Bow Street of London.

London Metropolitan Police

Created by Sir Robert Peel on September $29, 1829$, it became the world's first modern organized police force, later known as Scotland Yard.

Sir Robert Peel

The British statesman known as The Father of Modern Policing System for creating the Metropolitan Police Act of $1829$.

Carabineros de Seguridad Publico

Mounted police organized in $1712$ in the Philippines to carry out Spanish policies and later serve as port, harbor, and river police.

Guardrilleros

Rural police organized by the Royal Decree of January $8, 1836$, composed of $5\%$ of able-bodied male inhabitants serving for at least $3$ years.

Guardia Civil

Created on February $12, 1852$, it relieved Spanish Peninsular Troops of town policing and consisted of Filipino policemen in provincial capitals under an Alcalde.

Kempetai

The Japanese Military Police responsible for maintaining peace and order in Manila and urban areas until February $7, 1945$.

Insular Constabulary

Created on July $18, 1901$, by virtue of Act # $175$ titled "An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary."

Manila Police Department (MPD)

Organized on July $31, 1901$, by virtue of Act # $183$ of the Philippine Commission, with Capt. George Curry as the first Chief of Police.

Henry T. Allen

The first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary ($1901-1907$), known as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines.

Philippine Constabulary (PC)

Formed on October $3, 1901$, by Act # $255$, described in the Revised Administrative Code of $1917$ as a national police institution for preserving peace and order.

Rafael Crame

The first Filipino Chief of Police who served as the Philippine Constabulary Chief from $1917-1927$.

National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)

Created on June $19, 1947$, by RA # $157$, succeeding the Division of Investigation, and expanded by RA # $2678$ in $1960$ as an investigative and research service agency.

Police Act of 1966 (RA # 4864)

Enacted on September $18, 1966$, it created the Police Commission (later NAPOLCOM) to oversee training and professionalization of local police.

PD # 765

Enacted on August $8, 1975$, this decree integrated the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and the Integrated National Police (INP) under the Ministry of National Defense.

RA # 6975 (DILG Act of 1990)

Approved on December $13, 1990$, it created the Philippine National Police as the country's only police force with national scope and civilian character.

RA # 8551

Known as the PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of $1998$, it reorganized the PNP for the purpose of reforming and professionalizing the institution.

Cesar P. Nazareno

The individual who served as the first Chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP).

RA # 11200

An act providing for the rank classification in the Philippine National Police, amending Section $28$ of RA # $6975$.

RA # 11279

An act transferring the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) and National Police Training Institute (NPTI) from PPSC to the Philippine National Police.