Macromolecule Test

What is a monomer?

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of polymers.

Like the cars making up a train.

What is a polymer?

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Like a train consisting of many cars.

dehydration synthesis

Removes water molecule.

Joins monomers with covalent bonds.

Is facilitated by enzymes.

How are polymers made?

1. Monomers are connected through covalent bonds and dehydration reaction.

2. Process of dehydration reaction is repeated over and over

Hydrolisis

Adds water molecule.

Addition of water molecule breaks covalent bonds of polypeptide chain.

Facilitated by enzymes.

Hydrolysis breaks down macromolecules to their what?

monomer

How is a polymer disassembled?

The addition of water molecules (hydrolisis.)

What is a macromolecule?

Essential molecules for life processes

A polymer built from monomers. It is a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules

The four macromolecules:

1. carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acid

The building blocks of carbohydrates:

monosaccharides **simple sugars

Name three monosaccharides:

• glucose

• fructose

• galactose

**They're isomers to each other

what is an isomer?

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

three disaccharides and the monosaccharides used to build them.

1. Maltose —> Glucose & glucose

2. Sucrose —> Glucose & fructose

3. Lactose —> Glucose & galactose

What type of a bond is used to hold two sugars together?

To hold two monosaccharides (sugar) a glycosidic linkage is used.

A glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

what is the polymer of carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

what is a polysaccharide?

When three or more monosaccharides are joined together. Formed by dehydration synthesis

Name 4 polysaccharides

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

• chitin

Describe the polysaccharide: Starch (polymer of glucose)

used by plants:

• stores sugar for long term energy

• stored energy can be withdrawn through hydrolysis by the breaking of the covalent bonds between the glucose monomers

Describe the polysaccharide: Glycogen (polymer of glucose)

used by animals:

• • stores sugar for long term energy

• stored mainly in liver and muscle cells

• Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when sugar is demanded-Storage polysaccharide

Describe the polysaccharide: Cellulose

• found in a plan's cell walls

-structural polysaccharide

-cellulose molecule is straight-never branched

Describe the polysaccharide: Chitin

the exoskeleton for insects

The building blocks of Lipids:

fatty acids and glycerol

What is classified as a lipid?

• fats

• phospholipids

• steroids

What is the common factor that groups lipids together?

They mix poorly with water (hydrophobic)

Triglycerides

Structure: Glycerol & three fatty acids

Function: Energy Source

what are the two types of fatty acids:

saturated and unsaturated

describe a saturated fatty acid:

• have no double bond

• contains the max # of hydrogen atoms

• solid at room temperature

give a real life example of a saturated fatty acid

butter

describe an unsaturated fatty acid:

• has a double bound that causes a kink in the molecular structure (for every double bond you lose TWO hydrogens)

• liquid at room temperature

give a real life example of an unsaturated fatty acid:

oil

What is the basic structure and function of phospholipids?

Structure: Phosphate head, glycerol, 2 fatty acids

**Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail.

Function: Lipid bilayers of membrane

heads of phospholipids are?

hydrophilic

tails of lipids are?

hydrophobic

What is the basic structure of a steroid?

Structure: 4 fused rings

1. What are the two sex hormone steroids?

2. What do they do?

1. Testosterone & Estrogen

2. Signaling molecules that travel through body

Cholesterol is what type of steroid?

It is the steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes

The building blocks of proteins:

amino acids

suffix of an amino acid

-ine

how many types of amino acids are there?

20

where is the amino functional group always located in the molecular structure?

on the left

What is the main purpose of a protein?

building and repairing cells through their enzymes.

suffix of a protein

-in

Suffix of an enzyme

-ase

what does an enzyme do?

speeds up a chemical reaction

polypeptide chain?

occurs when multiple peptide bonds (amino acid bonds) merge together to become a chain.

How does a polypeptide chain become a protein?

as the polypeptide chain folds over itself a protein will form

What is denaturation?

when a protein unravels and loses its shape

why does denaturation occur?

Response to changes in physical and chemical conditions in the environment like temperature or pH.

The chemical bonds become weak or destroyed

The building blocks of Nucleic acids:

nucleotides

what are the monomer of proteins?

amino acids

what provides long-term energy storage for plants

starch

steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes

cholesterol

what is soluble only in hydrophobic solvents?

unsaturated fats

what provides short-term energy storage for animals?

glycogen

what forms the cell wall of plant cells?

cellulose

ordering molecular structures largest to smallest

*Macromolecule

• Polysaccharide

• disaccharide

• monosaccharide

*Compound

*Element

Iodine tests for?

Positive and negative results:

starch (polysaccharides)

positive: color is black negative: color is yellow

Benedicts tests for?

Positive and negative results:

glucose (monosaccharides)

positive: any color that is not blue negative: color is blue

Brown paper bag tests for?

Positive and negative results:

lipids

positive: translucent negative: not see through

**remember oil seeping through a fast food bag

Biuret tests for?

Positive and negative results:

protein

positive: color is purple negative: color is blue

Why does starch (amylose) test positive with the Benedict solution after adding in amylase?

what does the Benedict solution test for? glucose

what it starch made out? glucose x's 1000

what does the enzyme do? break down macromolecules to their monomer

therefore the enzyme (amylase) will break down the macromolecule of starch (amylose) to the monomer of glucose which is what the Benedict solution test for

organic molecules?

carbon-based molecules

Trans fat? describe the process of becoming a trans fatty acid

You have an unsaturated fat that has a double bond(s) then through the process of hydrogenation you add hydrogen atoms the double bonds disappear and you are left with a fully saturated fatty acid.

This is trans because it transformed from unsaturated to saturated.

T/F) you can make a saturated fat unsaturated.

False

proteins are the only macromolecule group that has?

Nitrogen (N)

Carbohydrates have what type of ratio for the formula of C-H-O?

1-2-1 ratio

Example: C-H2-O or C6-H12-O6

if a Carbohydrate does not have a 1-2-1 ratio than it is what?

a fatty acid (lipid)

what does checking a person's blood sugar tell you about their lactose intolerance?

Lactose is broken down to glucose and galactose. Which when consumed