PHILOSOPHY

Freedom

- Power or right to act without 

hindrance or restraint. 

- Securing to everyone an equal opportunity for life 

- Independence of the arbitrary will of another. Doing something without breaking the law 

- Freedom is Relative.

Aristole: The Power of Volition

- The power of choosing or 

determining - will 

- An act of making a choice or 

decision also a choice or decision made
- Human beings are rationa

(Because humans can think before we act)

ST. Thomas Aquinas

- Born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy - Spiritual freedom: Freedom to choose what is right and good. 

- Combining faith and philosophical principles of reason 

(We become spiritually free when we choose goodness)

Eternal Law

is the mind of God which humans cannot know. Contained in it are the laws which govern the universe and control the life cycle of everything in existence. Although humans cannot fully know the Eternal Law, they can occasionally glimpse reflections of it, for example through scientific knowledge of aspects of the natural world.

Divine law

is the law of God revealed to people through the Bible, which Christians call the “Word of God”. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, also brought Divine Law with him and the teachings of Christ convey Divine Law to people.

Natural Law

Everyone has a natural sense that “good is to be done and evil is to be avoided” which some call human nature. It is what directs our conscience and if applied with reason to a situation will lead to the right outcome.

Human Law

These are everyday rules that govern our lives from the legal system at one end right down to notices saying “Wet Paint – Do Not Touch”.

Thomas Hobbes

- Social Contract theory

- In earliest history humans lived with no law. They are free. As a result of chaos, a social contract was made. 
- Popular sovereignty - state was created to protect the people 
- Believed Monarchy was best

Jean Jacques Rousseau

- He supported the social contract theory. By accepting the general will of people “Men are born free, yet everywhere are in chains” 

- the chain represents the law and rules.

Jean Paul Sartre

- Existentialism - (Existence) 

philosophy acclaiming the freedom of the individual human being. Our life is not pre-determined. 

- We exists because we shape ourselves

Sartre’s Principle of Existentialism

-The person is nothing but what he makes of himself.
- The person is provided with a supreme opportunity to give 

meaning to one’s life 
- Freedom is the very core and the door to authentic existence 

- The person who tries to escape obligations is acting on bad faith. 

- Importance of free individual choice regardless of the power of the other people to influence. 
- to be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose and responsible for one’s life.

B.D. Skinner:

Punishment (negative reinforcement) and Reward (positive reinforcement)

Behaviorism

- You do good, you will be rewarded, you do bad, you will be punished. - Applicable to kids.

Operant conditioning

When animals have freedom. (Mouse in the ceiling)

Intersubjectivity

 Inter- outside
Intra - inside

Empathy

is the ability to emotionally understand what other people feel, see things from their point of

view, and imagine yourself in their place.

Sympathy

an affinity, association, or relationship between persons or things wherein whatever affects

one similarly affects the other.

Intersubjectivity

refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons
- sharing of subjective states by two or more people 

- based on opinions and feelings

Edmund Husser

- interchange of thoughts and 

feelings, both conscious and 

unconscious

Dialogue

is a deep and genuine relationship between persons

Relationship

is the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state

of being connected.

Martin Buber

Martin Buber was a jewish existentialist philosopher. He was born in Vienna and was brought up in the

Jewish tradition. In his work I and Thou (Ich and Du) in 1923, he conceived the human person in his wholeness,

totality, concrete existence, and relatedness to the world.

I-IT RELATIONSHIP

Is characterized by a mode of encounter that treats the other as an object to be used for one’s own

purposes. In this mode of encounter, the other is reduced to a thing or an object, and the relationship is

characterized by detachment, objectification, and a lack of empathy.

I-THOU RELATIONSHIP

Is characterized by mutual respect, empathy, and dialogue. In this mode of encounter, the other is

recognized as a unique and valuable individual with their own perspective and qualities. The I-Thou relationship is

based on an attitude of openness and receptivity, in which we are able to engage with the other in a way that is

genuine and authentic.

Karol Józef Wojtyła (Saint Pope John Paul II)

Born in Wadowice, Poland, he was elected to the papacy on October 16, 1978

was considered a great pope. He was also an architect of communism’s demise in

Poland. He criticized the meaning of human as “rational animal.”

St. Augustine of Hippo

He claimed that no human being should become an end to one’s self since

we are accountable to our neighbors as we are to our own actions. Augustine

emphasized that a person can pursue self-development and gain only if it means his or fellow man can also receive

good from his or her actions.

Society

• group of people who interact regularly

• same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

Social Exchange theory

• social behaviour is the outcome of the exchange process

• Focuses of advantages and disadvantages of relationship

• The hazards(problem or issues) are greater than the benefits (goods)  it creates disconnection.

Aristotle

“Man is by nature a social animal”

Plato

philosopher kings should be charge in ruling the society not by power but by knowledge

Kallipolis - Beautiful City

Confucius

Eastern philosophy that states Cosmic Harmony

If the emperor should have flawless moral character

• Confucian Analects

Karl Marx

• consciousness sociality and purposiveness build up a human person

Social System

• Group of individual actors interacting to each other

Social Group

• A social system interacting for a common goal

6 Types of Society

1. Haunting/Gathering - (NOMAD PEOPLE) No permanent place and uses their sharp tools to haunt animals for food. Egalitarian Society since there is still no leader.

2. Pastoral - How to take care and preserve animals. (50-200 people) It have inequality.

3. Horticultural - Gardening crops and they have permanent house and there’s a concept of trading. Inequality was establish.

4. Agrarian - Uses farming and uses animals for it. Plow and wheel. Invention of calendar. It also invented weaving

5. Industrial - Machines and it establish printing press. It had over production.

6. Post-Industrial - educational society: to achieve something that we want. and virtual society: based on the functional rather physical