Aralin 2: Mabisang Paglahok sa Interaksyong Personal at Interpersonal

This flashcard set covers the key concepts of Lesson 2 regarding effective personal and interpersonal communication, including linguistic models from Dell Hymes and Grice, various communicative competencies, and types of verbal and non-verbal communication.

Linguistic Competence (Kakayahang Lingguwistiko)

The correct use of grammar and the accurate meaning of words (semantics) according to Nunan (1999).

Sociolinguistic Competence (Kakayahang Sosyolingguwistik)

The appropriate use of language based on culture and context, considering the person spoken to, the place, and the situation.

Language (The Code/Medium)

One of the three pillars of communication referring to the materials used for expression in various forms such as verbal, non-verbal, written, or visual.

Tone (The Key/Emotion)

One of the three pillars of communication referring to the attitude or emotion in delivering a message, such as being serious, joking, or angry.

Structure (The Act Sequence/Form)

One of the three pillars of communication referring to the flow of writing and the communicative pattern in interaction, encompassing the organization of ideas.

Dell Hymes (1974)

The American linguist, sociolinguist, and anthropologist who created the SPEAKING model to understand effective communication in different situations.

Setting and Scenes (S)

In the SPEAKING model, S refers to the physical location (setting) and the scenario or scenario (scene) where communication occurs, including time and occasion.

Participants (P)

In the SPEAKING model, P refers to all the people involved in the discussion, such as the speaker, listener, or audience.

Ends (E)

In the SPEAKING model, E refers to the specific purpose, goal, or expected outcome of the communication.

Act Sequence (A)

In the SPEAKING model, A refers to the order of events or statements, showing how the conversation started, developed, and ended.

Key (K)

In the SPEAKING model, K refers to the manner and emotional tone of the delivery, which helps in understanding the true meaning of the message.

Instrumentalities (I)

In the SPEAKING model, I refers to the medium (oral, written, online) and the style of language (formal, informal, technical) used.

Norms (N)

In the SPEAKING model, N refers to the rules and expected behaviors during a conversation, such as turn-taking and social etiquette.

Genre (G)

In the SPEAKING model, G refers to the type or form of communication based on the situation, such as a speech, debate, or casual conversation.

Pragmatic Competence (Kakayahang Pragmatiko)

The ability to use language to clearly express intentions and meanings based on context while understanding what is said, unsaid, and the actions of the listener.

Discoursal Competence (Kakayahang Diskorsal)

The ability to share ideas systematically and participate effectively in textual and rhetorical interactions.

Turn-taking

A conversation strategy involving the exchange of speaking turns between participants.

Back-channeling

A conversation strategy used to provide confirmation or signals that one is listening.

Shifting

A conversation strategy involving the change of topic during an interaction.

Cooperative Principle

Proposed by Grice (1957; 1975), this principle states that participants must work together to make communication clear, meaningful, and effective through four maxims.

Maxim of Quantity (Kantidad)

A communication rule to make statements informative without providing too little or too much information.

Maxim of Quality (Kalidad)

A communication rule to be honest and avoid lies or providing information without sufficient evidence.

Maxim of Relation (Relasyon)

A communication rule ensuring that what is said is relevant and important to the current topic.

Maxim of Manner (Paraan)

A communication rule ensuring the message is orderly, clear, and concise rather than long-winded or vague.

High-Context Culture

A cultural characteristic, like in the Philippines, where meaning is heavily derived from context and non-verbal cues rather than just direct words.

Euphemism

The use of mild or indirect words to replace harsh or direct ones to protect the feelings of the listener and show respect.

Politeness Theory

A theory by Brown and Levinson (2015) involving the positive and negative 'face' which refers to self-image and identity.

Positive Face

The desired image an individual wants to present to others; the need to be liked, appreciated, and admired.

Negative Face

The desire to act freely and the need to be free from imposition or restriction by others.

Verbal Communication

The use of words, either oral or written, to express a message.

Non-verbal Communication

The delivery of a message without using words, used to show emotions, attitudes, and intentions.

Kinesics (Kinesika)

The study of body movements, including facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and posture, as a form of communication.

Proxemics (Proksemika)

The study of how time and distance (personal space) affect communication based on relationships and situations.

Haptics (Pandama o Paghawak)

The use of touch, such as handshakes or hugs, to express concern, support, or value.

Paralanguage

The non-verbal elements of the voice, such as tone, volume, pitch, and speed, that provide additional meaning to spoken words.