Immuno Exam 2 (copy)

What does western blot and ELIZA detect?

antibodies or antigens in patient sample

How does western blot detect antibodies or antigens?

1. Gel electrophoresis

2. Immunoblotting

3. Electrophoresis

Which ELISA test has an antibody sandwich?

Direct ELISA

Which ELISA test starts with an antibody and is looking for an antigen?

Direct ELISA

Which ELISA test starts with an antigen and is looking for an antibody?

Indirect ELISA

What is more specific Western blot or ELISA?

Western blot→ we can detect size of proteins

T/F ELISA and WB can be used for HIV detection

true

CD8 is activated by ____

MHC 1, endogenous

CD4 is activated by ___ and secretes ___

MHC II, exogenous

cytokines (IL-2, IFN, TNF)

T cell recognizes self peptides present on APCs results in ___

apoptosis

T cell recognizes non self but does NOT get costimulated results in ___

anergy/inactive

T cell recognize non self/cognate and DOES get costimulated results in__

T cell is activated

B7 (CD80/CD86) must couple with ___ on T cell

CD28

What are the two jobs of helper T cells?

1. remain in blood/lymph providing help to activate B cells and CTLs

2. leave blood/lymph and enter battle sites providing hlep for soliders

HELP COMES IN FORM OF CYTOKINES

How does the Th know where to go and what to do?

APC dendritic cells provide education on type of invader and location

What two signals provide information to dendritic cell?

1. PRR

2. Cytokines

Cytokines are released by__ and convince__ to express specific profiles/sets

dendritic cells

helper T

What does a Th1 bias respond to ?

viral or bacterial attack in tissues

What are the effector cytokines of Th1 bias?

1. TNF→activates macros and NK

2. IL-2→ stimulate proliferation of CTL, NK

3. IFNy→ tell B cells to make IgG, fix complement

What does a Th2 bias respond to ?

parasitic attack or food with pathogenic bacteria (in gut)

What are the effector cytokines of Th 2 bias?

1. IL-4→ tells T cells to proliferate and B cells make IgE (outside of pp in gut)

2. IL-5→ B cells make IgA (inside of pp in gut)

3. IL-13→ stimulates mucus

What does Th17 bias respond to ?

fungal attack and mucosal barriers

What are the effector cytokines for Th17 bias?

1. IL-17→ recruits neutrophils

2. IL-21→ growth of more Th17 and production of opsonizing antibodies

3. IL-22

What is Th0 bias?

waits until entering tissue to determine Th based on cytokines present

How are Tfh activated?

1. AP dendrtic cell activates T cell

2. Activated B cell causes activated T cell to become Tfh cell

IgA is an ___

anti-inflammatory

What creates a Th1 bias?

IL-12

What creates an Th2 bias?

(2×2)

IL-4

What creates a Th17 bias?

TGFB and IL-6

Tfh releases __

IL-21

Tfh creates ___

germinal center

Th9 deals with ___

worms

Th22 deals with __

skin

Autoimmunity is associated with all bias except __

Th2 bias

T cell independent requires no ___

costimulation

Ex→ macromolecules

T cell dependent co stimulation of B cells are ___

costimulated by CD40L which couples with CD40

T/F once a Th starts making a cytokine profile, it is committed

true

What is a superantigen?

special class of T cell activator

bypasses need for TCR to recognize a specific antigen and binds CD28 to costimulate T cell

What does superantigens cause?

amplified cytokine secretion

causes toxic immune response 

A toxic immune response by superantigens leads to __

toxic shock syndrome

Sag acute toxicity is due to excessive production of ___

IL-2, INFy, and TNF-a

How are Killer T cells activated?

a naive T ccell meets dendritic cells presenting cognate antigen on MHC I

When an activated dendritic and Th cell bind they emit __

IL-2 (this can make killer T cells proliferate)

What are the two ways that killer T cells kill? (same as NK)

1. Perforin and gransyme B

2. Connects its FAS ligand to FAS protein (kiss of death)

What is hematopoiesis?

blood cell formation

occurs in bone marrow

What is EPO?

produced in kidney

regulates RBC formation

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

1. Bone marrow

2. Thymus

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

1. Lymph nodes

2. Spleen

3. MALT

T/F All secondary lymphoid organs have lymphoid follicles

true

Paracortex is the __

T cell area

Lymphoid follicles is the __

B cell area

What is in the primary lymphoid follicles?

rich in naive B cells or memory B cells

ISLAND OF FDC IN SEA OF B CELLS

What is in the secondary lymphoid follicles?

germinal center after antigen stimulation

activated B cells in dark zone

clonal expanison

What happens within the germinal center?

1. Somatic hypermutation→ mutation of FAB region (incrased affinity of BCR)

2. Career decision→ B cells may become plasma cells or memory cells

3. Class switching→ change the class of antibody it produces

APDCs are classified as __

WBCs

APDC gather antigens via ___ and display antigen peptide on __

endocytosis and phagocytosis

CD40

IF APDC is infected with a virus, they can display viral protein on ___

MHC I

APDC travel via the ___ to nearest ___ and help activate T cells

lymph

lymph node

FDCs are classified as __

body cells

FDCs are found in __

lymphoid follicles

FDCs capture antigens that have already been opsonized by __and/or_ and display it for B cells

complement and/or antibodies

FDCs have both __ and _ receptors

complement and Fc

Resident APDCs are classified as __ and are found in _

WBCs

marginal sinuses

Resident APDC gather antigen via __ and _

endocytosis and phagocytosis

Resident APDC display the antigen peptide on __

MHC II

If resident APDCs are infected with a virus, the viral protein is displayed on __

MHC I

Where do Resident APDCs travel from marginal sinuses?

PALS and help activate T cells

What happens in spleen red pulp?

site of RBC destruction as it removes old RBCs

increased number of macrophages to break down RBC

What do macrophages secrete?

TNF (inflammatory)

What is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway?

vagus nerve can change TNF levels in white pulp

can downregulate production of cytokines through ACh receptor in macrophages (reduces inflammation)

Lymph nodes have __

1. afferent lymph vessels

2. efferent lymph vessels

3. HEV

What is HEV?

high endothelial venule

entry point for B and T cells to enter secondary lymphoid organs from blood

cuboid cells for more room for passage of B/T cells to exit blood

Spleen has __

ONLY efferent lymph vessels

The white pulp of the spleen has ___

contains B and T cells

1. PALS

2. secondary follicles

3. perifollicular zone

Peyer’s patch is apart of __

GALT

Peyer’s patch has __

1. HEV

2. efferent vessels

Antigens enter into peyer’s patch through __

M cells

M cells are very selective and therefore only take in __

what they can bind to molecules of M cells

What can peyer’s patch make?

make helper T cells that have B cells make IgA

make helper T cells that make Th2 bias

What do M cells lack?

1. lack villi

2. lack mucus

Experienced T cells can make __

adhesion molecules

restricted travel and stay put

Experienced B cells make __

antibodies

made in spleen and bone marrow

CD4 make __ 95% of the time

Th cells

CD4 makes __ 5% of the time

regulatory T cells

What are the two types of T cell regulation?

1. Inducible Tregs

2. Natural Tregs

Tregs when activated secrete __

anti-inflammatory cytokines

What is the goal of Tregs?

restrain immune system

What are the effector cytokines of Inducible Treg?

1. TGF-beta

2. IL-10→ blocks CD28

What two things create a iTreg?

1. IL-2

2. TGF-beta

APDC makes IL-6 with TGF-beta which will result in __

Th17 bias

Endothelium producing TGF-beta results in __

Treg

iTreg/pTreg develops in __

MALT

nTreg/tTreg develops in __

thymus

What is the role of natural regulation T cells?

protect against self (auto-reactive T cells)

iTreg deals with what two areas?

1. Intestines

2. Allergies

What is a way to reduce immune responses without regulatory T cells?

Negative activators

Very experienced T cells make __

CTLA-4

What does CTLA-4 do?

competes for B7 which can block activation

ANERGY

T/F Affinity for CTLA-4 to B7 is extremely low

false- EXTREMELY HIGH

Where is PD1 found? PDL-1?

PD1 found on activated T cells

PDL-1 on WBC and inflamed tissue