Repro - Exam 1

Why study reproduction?

interest, understanding, and management

Reproduction is

a complex process that is basic to all animals and necessary for species survival

Homeostasis

Parameters of functioning between or within cells, tissues, organs and the while body to maintain equilibrium

Homeostasis influences

internal physiology, and external cues

external cues are mostly observed as _____

behavior

When enhancing reproduction we expect to see a ___% improvement

3%

Theriogeniology

Branch of veterinary medicine that focuses on reproduction

Gynecology

Branch of human medicine that focuses on female reproduction

Andrology

Branch of reproductive physiology dealing with the study and treatment of male reproduction

“andro-”

refers/pertains to males

Obstetrics

Human or Veterinary medicine that focuses on the care of reproductive processes of the female before and during pregnancy and parturition

Aristotle thought that

fetuses arose from mensural blood and that seminal fluid was derived from all parts of the male body

Gabrielle Fallopio described the

oviduct

Volcher Coiter describes the

Corpus Luteum

Corpus Luteum is a structure that is

produces after the egg is ovulated

The CL produces

progesterone (P₄)

Regnier De Graff describes

antral follicles (graafian follicles)

Antoine Philip Van Leeuwenhoek devoloped the first

simple microscope

Antoine Philip Van Leeuwenhoek described

spermatozoa as “animacules”

Lazzaro Spallanzani proposed

are spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the ___ ___ ___

father of artificial insemination

Lazzaro Spallanzani first performed artificial insemiation on _____

canines

Jean-Lewis Prevost and Jean-Baptist Dumas proved

that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents

Berthold showed that

roosters lost libido and comb size when castrated

Enrieo Setoli

described the morphology and function of nurse cells

Nurse cells or Sertoli Cells

support the development of sperm

Goette and Nussbaum described

movement of primordial germ cells

What are the functions of the female reproductive tract?

Hormonal control, produce oocytes, Provide environment for copulation, Transport spermatozoa, Provide environment for embryo and fetus, Fetus and fetal membrane expulsion, and uterine involution

Major structures of the female reproductive tract

Ovaries, Oviducts, Uterus, Uterine horns, Cervix, vagina, and external structures

What parts of the female reproductive tract are tubular structures?

Oviducts, Uterus, Uterine Horns, Cervix, and Vagina

Tubular components are composed of similar tissue layers, such as

Serosal, Muscularis, Submucosal, and Mucosal

Most livestock species have a ____ ___

Suburethral Diverticulum

Serosal cells are

single cell squamous cells that cover the reproductive tract.

serosal cells are similar to

skin cells

Muscularis

double layer of smooth muscle that allows for contraction.

What type of muscle is the outer layer of the muscularis?

longitudinal

What type of muscle is the inner layer of the muscularis?

Circular

What is the point of the muscularis layer?

Transport secretory products, gametes, early embryos, and expulsion of fetus and placenta.

The longitudinal layer of muscularis runs _____

lengthwise

The submucosal layer

varies in thickness depending on the location

the submucosal layer contains

blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissues

What does the submucosal layer do?

Supports the mucosal layer

mucosal layer ____ during estrus

thickens

The mucosal layer has ____ _____ during estrus

increased secretions

What structures are included in the external genitalia?

Labia, Clitoris, and Vagina

Labia also means

lips

The labia acts as

the closure of the entrance of the vagina

The labia is also known as

the gateway to the reproductive tract

What are the functions of the clitorus?

May control responce to copulation in the femal

the clitoris is a ____ ____ ____ _____

homolog to the penis

How does the clitoris control response to copulation?

Highly innervated

sensitive to neural stimulation

releases oxytocin from the brain in response to copulation

Stimulation of clitoris during AI in cattle increased pregnancy by ___%

6

The vagina is

the region between the external vestibule and the cervix

What are the two distinct regions of the vagina?

caudal vagina and cranial vagina

What is another name for the caudal vagina?

Vestibule

Cranial vagina is located

cranial to the urethral opening

The cranial vagina has more _______ than the caudal vagina

secretory cells and fimbriae

The urethra opens into the _____

caudal vagina

Fornix Vagina

Site of semen deposition in cow/ewe

Vulva

general term pertaining to both labia

Functions of the vagina

Copulatory organ, Birth canal

The vagina does not contain ____

glands

Where do the secretions found in the vagina come from?

from the cervix

What is the pH of the vagina normally?

5.7

The acidic nature of the vagina makes it _____

bacteriostatic

The moisture, temperature and pressure of the vagina _____

stimulate the penis of the male

The caudal vagina contains

more squamous/protective cells

Functions of the caudal vagina

Common duct for urine and reproduction

Stimulates male for reproduction

Passage of fetus for parturition

Mares have

a transurethral fold to direct urine out of the body

Vulva-vaginal sphyncter

muscle behind the urethra that contracts to block urine from entering the uterus

Pheromones

airborne chemical messages

The cervix is ____

the rigid portion of the female reproductive tract

The cervix is composed of

dense connective tissue that is surrounded by a small amount of smooth muscle

Ruminants have ____ ____ in their cervix

annular rings

Annular rings have

finger like protrusions that fit together to seal the cervix

Sows have ____ ____ in their cervix

interdigitating prominces

Sows have a “_____” cervix

spiral

Mares have a cervix that is characterized by ____ ___

longitudinal folds

The cervix in a mare in estrus is

very loose and soft

Fornix Vagina

Cranial portion of vagina that forms a pocket surrounding the first annular ring of the cervix

What species does not have a fornix vagina?

Swine

What are the two types of Os Cervix?

Internal and External

Internal Os

cranial opening of cervix into the vagina

External Os

Caudal opening of cervix into the cranial vagina

Crypts

invaginations into the dense mucosa of the cervix

What are the purpose of crypts?

to provide more surface area and sperm reservoirs

The cervix is

tightly closed except during estrus

Where is cervical mucus produced?

in columnar epithelial cells

During estrus, what does the cervical mucus look like?

Clear, thin and watery, slimy, with longitudinal strands

During diestrus, what does the cervical mucus look like?

Thick, sticky/viscous, and jelly like

Diestrus cervical fluid has

disulfide bonds

Diestrus cervical mucus forms the ____ ____ _____

seal of pregnancy

Functions of cervix

First sperm barrier

Transport sperm

Cervical mucus during estrus allows

sperm to travel along the longitudinal strands

Cervical mucus favors ____ ____

sperm motility

Stallions and Boars ejaculate

through the cervix

How does the cervix act as a barrier to sperm?

mucus and anatomy act as a sperm filter

prevents large amounts of sperm from reaching the oviduct

How does the cervix act as a reservoir for sperm?

Sperm that enter the crypts or folds protects them for a long period of time

What percentage of sperm is lost out of the vagina?

90%

How does the cervix block bacterial invasion during pregnancy?

Mucus is highly crosslinked

Cervix constricts

Higher leukocyte presence to kill bacteria