History Final

How did Enlightenment ideology influence the American Revolution?

It emphasized natural rights, the social contract, and limited government, leading to documents like the Declaration of Independence.

What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution?

It resulted in the establishment of the first free black republic, combating slavery and demanding full citizenship.

What role did Simón Bolívar play in Spanish American independence movements?

He advocated for popular sovereignty, constitutionalism, and governments based on the will of the people.

What drove the industrialization of Northeastern Europe between 1750 and 1850?

Agricultural improvements, population growth, access to natural resources, and technological advancements like the steam engine.

What societal changes resulted from industrialization in Northeastern Europe?

The rise of a new industrial working class, urbanization, and the emergence of a growing middle class.

What was Charles Fourier’s critique of industrial society?

He identified alienation in factory work and proposed utopian communities called 'phalanxes'.

How did Marx and Engels view capitalism?

They saw it as exploitative of the proletariat and believed it would be overthrown by a proletarian revolution.

What was Tenskwatawa’s reaction against European encroachment?

He called for a return to traditional Native American beliefs and a rejection of assimilation.

What was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s reform focus in Islam?

He emphasized strict monotheism and rejected Sufism and saint worship.

How did China respond to European and American power?

China struggled to maintain sovereignty, leading to events like the Opium Wars and the unfavorable Treaty of Nanking.

What was Japan's response to Western powers during the Meiji Restoration?

Japan rapidly modernized and industrialized to emerge as a competitive global power.

How did nationalism and imperialism interact in the late 19th century?

Nationalism spurred imperial ambitions, while industrialization provided the means to project those ambitions.

How did people in India resist Western pressure during the late 19th century?

Through organized movements like the Indian National Congress and widespread social unrest.

What characterized the cultural modernism movement?

It emphasized experimentation and individualism, breaking from traditional artistic and intellectual norms.

What factors led to the rise of mass culture between 1910 and the 1930s?

Technological advancements, urbanization, and the growth of consumerism promoted mass production of cultural products.

What factors contributed to the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1920s and 1930s?

Economic instability, social unrest, weak democratic institutions, and charismatic leaders.

What was a negotiated transition in the context of decolonization?

India's independence in 1947 is an example, resulting from decades of nationalist struggle.

What example illustrates a civil war in decolonization?

The decolonization of Algeria involved a brutal civil war against French colonial forces.

What is an example of incomplete decolonization?

The situation in Palestine, where territorial disputes continue after the end of the British Mandate.

What were the ideological motivations of the U.S. during the Cold War?

To contain communism and promote democracy and capitalism.

What impact did the Cold War have on the First World’s economy?

Increased military spending, the formation of alliances, and stimulated technological innovation.

How did globalization influence migration patterns at the end of the twentieth century?

It led to increased migration driven by economic disparity and conflict, contrasting earlier labor mobility patterns.