head and neck

pharyngeal arches appear in which Stage of development?

Fourth and fifth week

Extend of scalp

It extends anteriorly up to the eyebrows (superciliary arches),

posteriorly up to the superior nuchal lines, and laterally on

each side up to superior temporal line

Layers of scalp

1. Skin.

2. Connective tissue (superficial fascia).

3. Aponeurosis (occipitofrontalis muscle and its

aponeurosis).

4. Loose areolar tissue.

5. Pericranium.

3rd layer of scalp

Surgical layers of scalp

First 3 layers

Black eye

Peri orbital hematoma following head injury

Blood and fluid accumulates in loose area or layer of a scalp and spread anteriorly because frontal muscle has no body attachments

Emissary vein

The vein connecting veins outside cranium with the intercranial dural Venus sinus by passing through foramen in cranium

loose areolar tissue is layer traversed by emery bin

Nerve supply of scalp

Arterial supply of scalp

Development of face

• Pharyngeal pouches?

• Pharyngeal clefts (grooves)?

• Pharyngeal pouches: Endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal endoderm that develop into various head and neck structures.

• Pharyngeal clefts (grooves): Ectodermal invaginations between the pharyngeal arches on the external surface of the embryo.

First pharyngeal arc

Nerve

Artery

Muscle

Skeleton

Nerve: mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

Artery: maxillary artery

Muscles: mastication (masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids), Mylohyoid, tensor Palatine, tensor Tympani, anterior belly of digastric

Skeleton: Maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus, interior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, Zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone

Second pharyngeal arc

Nerve

Artery

Muscle

Skeleton

Nerve: facial nerve

Artery: stapedial hyoid artery

Muscle: facial expression (frontalis, Platysma, buccinator, auricularis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, posterior belly of digastric, stapedius, stylohyoid

Skeleton: stapes, stylohyoid ligament, styloid process, lesser horn, and upper part of the body of hyoid bone

third pharyngeal arc

Nerve

Artery

Muscle

Skeleton

Nerve: glossopharyngeal nerve

Artery: common carotid artery, Internal carotid artery

Muscle: stylopharyngeus

Skeleton: greater horn and lower part of the body of hyoid bone

fourth pharyngeal arc

Nerve

Artery

Muscle

Skeleton

Nerve: superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

Artery: proximal part present Subclavian and brachiocephalic artery

Muscle: cricothyroid, constrictors of pharynx, levator Palatine

Skeleton: cartilage of larynx

sixth pharyngeal arc

Nerve

Artery

Muscle

Skeleton

Nerve: recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

Artery: right and left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

Muscle: intrinsic muscles of larynx

Skeleton: cartilage of larynx

Cartilage of 1st and 2nd arch

Meckel’s cartilage

Reichert’s cartilage

Facial expressions

Nerve supply of face

Arterial supply office

Lymphatic drainage of face