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biosphere
all parts of Earth inhabited by life
biomes
large areas of land with similar climate, flora, and fauna
Biogeography
study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution
endemic species
one which is naturally found in only a specific geographic area that is usually restricted in size
generalist species
species which live in a wide variety of geographic areas
species distribution pattern
based on biotic and abiotic factors and their influences during the very long periods of time required for species evolution
Energy from the sun is captured by
green plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and photosynthetic protists
In aquatic ecosystems, the availability of light
may be limited because sunlight is absorbed by water, plants, suspended particles, and resident microorganisms
ocean upwelling
the rising of deep ocean waters that occurs when prevailing winds blow along surface waters near a coastline
ocean upwelling causes
nutrients once contained in dead organisms to become available for reuse by other living organims
Spring-and-fall turnover
seasonal processes that recycle nutrients and oxygen from the bottom of a freshwater lake to the top of the lake
Spring-and-fall turnovers are caused by
the formation of a thermocline
thermocline
layers of water with temperatures that are significantly different from those above and below it
spring turnover
during the summer months, the lake water stratifies, or forms layers, with the warmest layer at the lake surface
fall turnover
heavy cold water sinks and displaces water at the bottom. The oxygen-rich water at surface of the lake then moves to the bottom of the lake, while the nutrients at the bottom of the lake rise to the surface
few living things can survive at temperatures below 0C due to
metabolic constraints
extremophile
organisms that thrive in extreme environments
migration
the regular movement from one place to another
hibernation
enables animals to survive cold conditions
estivation
allows animals to survive the hostile conditions of a hot, dry climate
torpor
a condition in which an organism’s metabolic rate is significantly lowered
plants have
leaf hairs and a waxy cuticle to decrease the rate of water loss via transpiration and convection
freshwater organisms regulate internal water by
the excretion of dilute urine
marine organisms have
morphological and physiological adaptations to retain water and release solutes into the environment
inorganic nutrients
such as nitrogen and phosphorous, are obtained by plants from the soil and by animals from what they eat
abiotic factors such as oxygen are important in
aquatic and terrestrial environments
Wind can be an important abiotic factor because
it influences the rate of evaporation, transpiration, and convective heat loss from the surface of all organisms
net primary productivity
estimation of all of the organic material available as food
net primary productivity is estimated by
measuring the above-ground biomass per unit area
above-ground biomass
total mass of living plants, excluding roots
annual biomass production is
directly related to the abiotic components of the environment