8. Monkey See, Monkey Prototype
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196 Terms
What did Bell Labs design in 1948?
The first push-button handset for telephones.
What happened to Bell Labs' first push-button handset project?
The project failed and was not adopted.
What technology did the Bell System introduce in 1963?
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) under Touch-Tone.
How does dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) work?
Pressing a button produces a specific frequency signal that the telephone system can recognise.
What was DTMF used for?
Directing customers to different customer service operators and replacing rotary phone systems.
What did Touch-Tone replace?
Old rotary telephones.
Why were early automobile telephones impractical?
They were large, heavy, consumed too much energy, and required the car engine to remain running.
Who developed portable cellular technology in 1973?
Martin Cooper and Rudy Krolopp.
What was the first untethered cell phone patented in 1973?
The Motorola DynaTAC.
What inspired Steve Wozniak to create the Apple I?
A meeting with people who built computers in their houses.
When did Steve Wozniak create the Apple I?
In 1975.
Who did Steve Wozniak collaborate with to sell the Apple I?
Steve Jobs.
How many Apple I units were sold in less than a year?
175 units.
What microprocessor was created for the Apple I?
The MOS 6502 8-bit microprocessor.
How were Apple I computers different from earlier computers?
They were pre-assembled boards with circuitry and a keyboard, so users did not need to solder components themselves.
What did Atari Inc. create in 1977?
The Atari Video Computer System (VCS).
What could the Atari Video Computer System do?
It could generate video on the fly and run multiple games.
What console later came from the Atari Video Computer System?
The Atari 2600.
Why was the Atari 2600 important?
It popularised microprocessor-based gaming hardware and ROM cartridges containing game code.
How did Lonnie Johnson discover the idea for the Super Soaker?
While trying to improve a refrigerator, he discovered that a custom brass nozzle could shoot water very far.
What technology did the original Super Soaker use?
Manually pressurised air to shoot water.
Why was the Super Soaker revolutionary?
It could shoot water farther, more powerfully, and more accurately than previous water guns.
Who produces the Super Soaker today?
Hasbro under Nerf.
What materials were used in the original Super Soaker prototype?
PVC pipe, Plexiglass, and a plastic bottle.
What was Steve Jobs' 1983 goal for computers?
To create a "computer in a book" that was easy to carry and use.
What communication method did Steve Jobs imagine for portable computers?
A radio link that removed the need for physical connections to databases and computers.
What was Apple's 1983 iPad prototype called?
Bashful.
What feature did the Bashful iPad prototype have?
An attachable keyboard.
What was Apple's first iPhone prototype in 1983?
A tethered telephone with touchscreen and stylus input.
Why was the 1983 iPhone prototype impractical?
It was not portable.
Why was the 1983 iPhone prototype significant?
It showed an early vision of touchscreen smartphones.
Which companies teamed up in 1988 to create a SNES add-on?
Nintendo and Sony.
What was the planned Nintendo-Sony product?
The Nintendo PlayStation, an add-on for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Why did the Nintendo-Sony partnership fail?
They had licensing disagreements.
Who did Nintendo partner with after Sony?
Phillips.
What did Nintendo and Phillips create?
Another SNES add-on.
Why did Game Boy developers create a new system in 1995?
They wanted a better method of playing games despite the Game Boy Pocket already being successful.
What was the prototype created by Game Boy developers in 1995?
The Game Boy Color.
What important feature did the Game Boy Color have?
Backward compatibility, allowing it to play older Game Boy software.
Why was backward compatibility useful for the Game Boy Color?
It allowed players to use their existing game collections, giving it a larger library than competitors.
What was the Game Boy Color project suspected to be called?
The Atlantis Project.
What feature later became important in the Game Boy line?
Backward compatibility.
Why did Microsoft create a video game console prototype in 1998?
To compete with the upcoming PlayStation 2, which was attracting game developers.
Which Microsoft team created the first Xbox prototype?
The Microsoft DirectX team.
What was the original name of the Xbox prototype?
The DirectX Box.
Who was the DirectX Box pitched to?
Ed Fries.
What happened after the DirectX Box prototype?
The first Xbox was created.
When was the Xbox released?
2001.
Why was the original Xbox changed before release?
It was extremely large and needed to be slimmed down.
Why did Nintendo create the Wii U GamePad prototype?
To solve limitations of the Wii, including its casual image, weak online infrastructure, and lack of HD support.
When was the Wii U GamePad prototype created?
2012.
What was unique about the Wii U GamePad?
It had a screen with two controllers on either side.
What did the Wii U GamePad design eventually influence?
The Nintendo Switch.
Why did Apple create many code names for the first iPhone?
To keep the project secret.
What was the first iPhone prototype physically like?
A development board containing the internal components of an iPhone.
What components were included in the first iPhone prototype board?
The processor, memory, storage, 30-pin dock connector, camera, SIM slot, WiFi and Bluetooth antennas, and USB ports.
How was the iPhone prototype used by engineers?
It was connected to a computer so engineers could test and develop applications.
Did engineers know the final appearance of the iPhone prototype?
No, Apple kept the final design secret.
What is the purpose of prototyping?
To create an early version of a product so ideas can be explored and tested.
How do prototypes reduce development risks?
They allow designers to discover problems and collect user feedback before creating the final product.
How do prototypes improve communication?
They allow users, clients, investors, and teammates to see and understand the idea more easily.
What is the first step in the prototyping cycle?
Identify the problem by deciding what you want to create, how you can create it, and why it is needed.
What is a low-fidelity prototype?
A simple representation such as sketches or wireframes showing the general function of a product.
What is the purpose of a low-fidelity prototype?
To collect early feedback and encourage collaboration.
What is a high-fidelity prototype?
A detailed prototype closer to the final product with visuals, interactions, and specific functions.
What is the purpose of a high-fidelity prototype?
To test specific functions, appearance, and user interactions.
What happens after creating a prototype?
It is shared with users, teammates, and stakeholders for feedback.
Why is feedback important in prototyping?
It validates assumptions and reveals problems.
Why is prototyping an iterative process?
Because designs are repeatedly improved through testing and refinement.
What is the final stage of the prototyping cycle?
Finalising the design and giving it to engineers with documentation.
Why should prototypes not be perfected too early?
The goal is to test ideas and gather feedback before investing too much time.
Who should be involved when testing prototypes?
Members of the target market.
What are sketches in prototyping?
Rapid, low-fidelity, disposable representations of a design concept.
What are sketches mainly used for?
Brainstorming and exploring ideas.
What is storyboarding?
A sequence of comic-like sketches showing scenes or user interactions.
How is storyboarding used in software prototyping?
It shows how users are expected to interact with a product.
What are paper prototypes or wireframes?
Low-fidelity sketches showing what users see on a software interface.
What do paper prototypes show?
The placement of content and interface elements.
What is a mockup?
A full-size model or replica of a product used for demonstration, study, testing, or publicity.
Does a mockup always have functionality?
No, it may not have actual working features.
Why are mockups useful?
They allow designers to identify problems before creating the real product.
What is a proof of concept?
A demonstration that an idea, method, or concept is feasible or practical.
Why is a proof of concept created?
To show that an idea has potential without fully developing it.
What is an example of a proof of concept?
Testing a small part of software to convince a boss to continue development.
What is user testing?
Observing users under controlled conditions while they use a product or prototype.
What is the purpose of user testing?
To identify problems and see whether users can understand and use the product properly.
What should users do during user testing?
Attempt to use the product rather than only give opinions about it.
Who coined the term Minimum Viable Product (MVP)?
Frank Robinson in 2001.
Who popularised the Minimum Viable Product concept?
Steve Blank and Eric Ries.
What is a Minimum Viable Product (MVP)?
A product with enough features to be usable by testers and customers who provide feedback.
Why is an MVP useful?
It prevents excessive time and resources being spent on an unfinished idea.
How does an MVP help development?
It allows constant improvement and early problem solving.
What is a Minimum Marketable Feature (MMF)?
The smallest piece of functionality that solves a specific user need.
How is an MMF different from an MVP?
An MMF provides an actual useful function, while an MVP is a testable version of a product.
Why are MMFs often used in software?
Software features can be released independently more easily than physical product parts.
What is the advantage of releasing MMFs slowly?
It reduces risk and makes bugs easier to fix.
Who was Sarah Boone?
An African American dressmaker who invented the first modern ironing board.
When was Sarah Boone's ironing board patent approved?
In 1892.
Why was Sarah Boone historically significant?
She was one of the first African American women to receive a patent.
Who were Sarah Boone's parents?
Enslaved parents.