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MIXTURE
a material that contains two or more components that do not chemically combine
Decantation
Substances are separated based on the difference in specific gravity or density
Decantation
Filtration
Distillation
Magnetic Separation
Centrifugation
Chromatography
METHODS OF SEPARATING COMPONENTS OF MIXTURES
Filtration
Separation of solids from liquids by using a medium that only liquids can pass
Magnetic Separation
Magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture
Centrifugation
Accelerate settling of particles by using force
Chromatography
Separating components of mixtures makes use of differences in solvent affinity
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Smallest particle of matter which enters a chemical combination
PRINCIPAL UANTUM NUMBERS
represents the energy Level and the size of the atom
n
Principal Quantum numbers symbol:
AZIMUTHAL OR ANGULAR QUANTUM NUMBER
represents the shape of the orbital
l
Azimuthal numbers symbol:
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
represents the orientation of the orbital in space
ml
magnetic quantum numbers symbol:
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
represents rotations of the electrons of the electrons
ms
spin quantum numbers symbol:
Ernest Rutherford
Who discovered proton?
James Chadwick
Who discovered neutron?
J.J Thomson
Who discovered electron?
Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
Electrons fill up orbitals singly first before pairing up
Aufbau Building up Principle
Lower energy levels are filled up first before higher energy levels
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
The exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
No 2 electrons in an atom may have the same principal quantum number.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
An atom cannot have 2 electrons in the same energy level or orbital that have the same set of quantum numbers
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
No more than 2 electrons may have the same set of quantum numbers
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Electrons in an atom may differ by, at most, one of four quantum numbers
Antoine Lavosier
Discovered First TRUE PTE (33 elements)
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
Arrange elements by 3’s (Dobereiner’s Triads)
John Newlands
Arrange elements by 8’s (Octaves)
Dmitri Mendeleev
Arranged elements by Atomic Weights
Henry Moseley
Modern PTE
Arranged elements by Atomic Number
Group IA
Alkali Metals
Group IIA
Alkaline Metals
Group IIIA
Icosagens
Group IVA
Crystallogens
Group VA
Pnictogens
Group VIA
Chalcogens
Group VIIA
Halogens/Salt Forming
Group VIIIA or Group 0
Noble Gases/Inert Gas
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group IA family:
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Group IIA family:
B, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Nh
Group IIIA family:
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl
Group IVA family:
N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mt
Group VA family:
O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv
Group VIA family:
F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts
Group VIIA family:
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Group VIIIA family:
Ts (Tennessine)
Atomic number 117 (Ununseptium)
Nh (Nihonium)
Atomic number 113 (Ununtrium)
Ms (Moscovium)
Atomic number 115 (Ununpentium)
Og (Oganesson)
Atomic number 118 (Ununoctium)
Group 1B
Coinage metals
Group 2B
Volatile Metals
Cr
Glucose tolerance factor
Cu, Ag, Au (CoSiGo)
Group 1B elements:
Zn, Cd, Hg (Zin Cad Mer)
Group 2B elements:
Group 8B
Triads
Fe, Co, Ni
Group 8B 1st triad:
Ru, Rh, Pd
Group 8B 2nd triad:
Os, Ir, Pt
Group 8B 3rd triad:
Hydrogen
Lightest element
Lithium
Lightest metal; melts above 100 °C
Flourine
Most electronegative
Cu, Zn, Be, Al, Sn, Pb
Amphoteric elements
Metals (left side)
Forms basic anhydrides
Nonmetals (right)
Forms acidic anhydrides
Si, Ge, Po, Sb, As, Te, B
Metalloids
At> I> Br> Cl> F
Most metallic among halogens Trend:
F > Cl > Br> I > Ot
Most reactive among halogens Trend:
Bridge Elements
diagonally related elements
Same properties, though belonging to different groups and periods
Physical
Physical or Chemical change?
Dry Ice Formation
Chemical
Physical or Chemical change?
Electrolysis of water
Chemical
Physical or Chemical change?
KMnO4 + HCl
Chemical
Physical or Chemical change?
Ammonia + H2O
Active transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
Uphill
Active transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
Energy is needed (ATP and Sunlight)
Active transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
Carrier mediated and saturable
Active transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
“against the concentration gradient”
Passive transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
downhill
Passive transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
energy is not needed
Passive transport
Active transport or Passive Transport?
Carrier mediated: Facilitated Diffusion
BULK TRANSPORT
transport of large amount of substance across plasma membrane by utilizing energy
solute and solvent are both transported across membranes
Examples: Phagocytosis (cell-eating) and Pinocytosis (cell-drinking)
Phagocytosis
cell-eating
Pinocytosis
cell-drinking
OSMOSIS
Movement of solvent molecules (water) from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration across a semi permeable membrane
AMPHOTERIC
act either as acid or base
AMORPHOUS
No definite form
AMORPHOUS
Resins is an example of
POLYMORPHIC
Solid chemical compounds that exist in more than one crystalline form
POLYMORPHIC
Theobroma Oil or Cacao Butter is an example of
Beta; 34*C
Polymorphic form of Theobroma Oil or Cacao Butter that is use as a suppository base
ALLOTROPISM
Chemical elements exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state
White Phosphorus
waxy, yellowish, white
toxic
from Phosphate containing rocks
garlic odor
Red Phosphorus
heat white P at 573K (300°C)
Black Phosphorus
heat white P at 473 K (200°C) and 1200-4000 atm pressure
Violet Phosphorus
heat Red P at 823 K (550°C) for 1-2 weeks
Enthalpy
a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system
Entropy
Degree of total molecular randomness or disorderliness
Latent Heat
energy released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature process
