Pharmaceutical Chemistry

MIXTURE

a material that contains two or more components that do not chemically combine

Decantation

Substances are separated based on the difference in specific gravity or density

• Decantation

• Filtration

• Distillation

• Magnetic Separation

• Centrifugation

• Chromatography

METHODS OF SEPARATING COMPONENTS OF MIXTURES

Filtration

Separation of solids from liquids by using a medium that only liquids can pass

Magnetic Separation

Magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture

Centrifugation

Accelerate settling of particles by using force

Chromatography

Separating components of mixtures makes use of differences in solvent affinity

Atom

• Basic unit of matter

• Smallest particle of matter which enters a chemical combination

PRINCIPAL UANTUM NUMBERS

represents the energy Level and the size of the atom

n

Principal Quantum numbers symbol:

AZIMUTHAL OR ANGULAR QUANTUM NUMBER

represents the shape of the orbital

l

Azimuthal numbers symbol:

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER

represents the orientation of the orbital in space

ml

magnetic quantum numbers symbol:

SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER

represents rotations of the electrons of the electrons

ms

spin quantum numbers symbol:

Ernest Rutherford

Who discovered proton?

James Chadwick

Who discovered neutron?

J.J Thomson

Who discovered electron?

Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

Electrons fill up orbitals singly first before pairing up

Aufbau Building up Principle

Lower energy levels are filled up first before higher energy levels

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

The exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

No 2 electrons in an atom may have the same principal quantum number.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE

An atom cannot have 2 electrons in the same energy level or orbital that have the same set of quantum numbers

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

No more than 2 electrons may have the same set of quantum numbers

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE

Electrons in an atom may differ by, at most, one of four quantum numbers

Antoine Lavosier

Discovered First TRUE PTE (33 elements)

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner

Arrange elements by 3’s (Dobereiner’s Triads)

John Newlands

Arrange elements by 8’s (Octaves)

Dmitri Mendeleev

Arranged elements by Atomic Weights

Henry Moseley

• Modern PTE

• Arranged elements by Atomic Number

Group IA

Alkali Metals

Group IIA

Alkaline Metals

Group IIIA

Icosagens

Group IVA

Crystallogens

Group VA

Pnictogens

Group VIA

Chalcogens

Group VIIA

Halogens/Salt Forming

Group VIIIA or Group 0

Noble Gases/Inert Gas

H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Group IA family:

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Group IIA family:

B, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Nh

Group IIIA family:

C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl

Group IVA family:

N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mt

Group VA family:

O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv

Group VIA family:

F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts

Group VIIA family:

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Group VIIIA family:

Ts (Tennessine)

Atomic number 117 (Ununseptium)

Nh (Nihonium)

Atomic number 113 (Ununtrium)

Ms (Moscovium)

Atomic number 115 (Ununpentium)

Og (Oganesson)

Atomic number 118 (Ununoctium)

Group 1B

Coinage metals

Group 2B

Volatile Metals

Cr

Glucose tolerance factor

Cu, Ag, Au (CoSiGo)

Group 1B elements:

Zn, Cd, Hg (Zin Cad Mer)

Group 2B elements:

Group 8B

Triads

Fe, Co, Ni

Group 8B 1st triad:

Ru, Rh, Pd

Group 8B 2nd triad:

Os, Ir, Pt

Group 8B 3rd triad:

Hydrogen

Lightest element

Lithium

Lightest metal; melts above 100 °C

Flourine

Most electronegative

Cu, Zn, Be, Al, Sn, Pb

Amphoteric elements

Metals (left side)

Forms basic anhydrides

Nonmetals (right)

Forms acidic anhydrides

Si, Ge, Po, Sb, As, Te, B

Metalloids

At> I> Br> Cl> F

Most metallic among halogens Trend:

F > Cl > Br> I > Ot

Most reactive among halogens Trend:

Bridge Elements

• diagonally related elements

• Same properties, though belonging to different groups and periods

Physical

Physical or Chemical change?

Dry Ice Formation

Chemical

Physical or Chemical change?

Electrolysis of water

Chemical

Physical or Chemical change?

KMnO4 + HCl

Chemical

Physical or Chemical change?

Ammonia + H2O

Active transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

Uphill

Active transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

Energy is needed (ATP and Sunlight)

Active transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

Carrier mediated and saturable

Active transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

“against the concentration gradient”

Passive transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

downhill

Passive transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

energy is not needed

Passive transport

Active transport or Passive Transport?

Carrier mediated: Facilitated Diffusion

BULK TRANSPORT

• transport of large amount of substance across plasma membrane by utilizing energy

• solute and solvent are both transported across membranes

• Examples: Phagocytosis (cell-eating) and Pinocytosis (cell-drinking)

Phagocytosis

cell-eating

Pinocytosis

cell-drinking

OSMOSIS

Movement of solvent molecules (water) from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration across a semi permeable membrane

AMPHOTERIC

act either as acid or base

AMORPHOUS

No definite form

AMORPHOUS

Resins is an example of

POLYMORPHIC

Solid chemical compounds that exist in more than one crystalline form

POLYMORPHIC

Theobroma Oil or Cacao Butter is an example of

Beta; 34*C

Polymorphic form of Theobroma Oil or Cacao Butter that is use as a suppository base

ALLOTROPISM

Chemical elements exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state

White Phosphorus

• waxy, yellowish, white

• toxic

• from Phosphate containing rocks

• garlic odor

Red Phosphorus

heat white P at 573K (300°C)

Black Phosphorus

heat white P at 473 K (200°C) and 1200-4000 atm pressure

Violet Phosphorus

heat Red P at 823 K (550°C) for 1-2 weeks

Enthalpy

a measure of the heat content of a chemical or physical system

Entropy

Degree of total molecular randomness or disorderliness

Latent Heat

energy released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature process