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Aphasia:
An acquired deficit in language abilities resulting from damage to the brain.
Expressive Language Deficit:
Difficulty in formulation and production of language to communicate an intended meaning.
Receptive Language Deficit:
A defect in the ability to derive meaning from language.
Anomia:
A deficit in word retrieval for expression.
Verbal Comprehension Deficit:
An inability to comprehend the spoken language produced by others.
Paraphasias:
Errors in expressive language that are not related to motor deficits but that are linked to higher-level language deficits associated with aphasia.
Phonemic Paraphasia:
An error in speech in which the word produced is discernable, mostly correct, and yet there are phoneme-level mistakes.
Neologism:
An error in speech that occurs when an individual produces a word that is entirely different from the intended word and is mostly unintelligible.
Semantic Paraphasia:
An error in speech in which one word is substituted for another word that is similar in meaning.
Unrelated Verbal Paraphasia:
A verbal substitution of a word that is unrelated in meaning to the intended word.
Perseverate:
To do something repeatedly, redundantly, and, more often than not, inappropriately.
Perseveration:
A word that is said repeatedly and inappropriately.
Perseverative Paraphasia:
A word that is produced repeatedly and inadvertently by an individual with aphasia instead of the intended word.
Agrammatism:
The lack of appropriate grammatical construction of language that individuals with aphasia display.
Function Words:
The in-between words used to frame the major content words in a sentence.
Content Words:
The words that carry the majority of meaning in a sentence.
Alexia: An acquired impairment of reading.
An acquired impairment of reading.
Agraphia:
An acquired impairment in the ability to form letters or form words using letters.
Self-Repair:
When a speaker restates or revises a word or phrase in an attempt to produce it in an error-free fashion or to refine it to better reflect the intended meaning.
Cortical Aphasias:
Acquired deficits in language abilities that arise as a result of damage to the cortex.
Subcortical Aphasias:
Aphasias that arise as a result of damage to subcortical structures.
Zone of Language:
The anatomic area within the language-dominant hemisphere that houses Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas and the arcuate fasciculus.
Wernicke's Aphasia:
A specialized portion of the cerebrum located at the superior marginal gyrus of the left hemisphere’s temporal lobe that is responsible for interpreting and deriving meaning from the speech of others.
Anosognosia:
The pathologic condition of having a deficit and being unable to recognize that the deficit exists or denying that the deficit exists despite evidence indicating otherwise.
Logorrhea:
A near nonstop, usually meaningless and tangential output of speech.
Empty Speech:
Vocalized communication often produced by those with fluent aphasia that is abundant yet lacking in meaning.
Conduit d’approache:
A zeroing-in behavior in which a person with aphasia correctly produces a target word after several repeated and unsuccessful attempts of which each failed attempt is closer to the correct production of the target word than the last.
Anomic Aphasia:
An acquired deficit in language abilities characterized by fluent speech and intact receptive language but a disproportionately severe deficit in naming abilities.
Thalamic Aphasia:
Language deficits as a result of lesion at the thalamus that are characterized by almost fluent speech, significant anomia in spontaneous speech but less so in confrontational naming tasks, impaired receptive language, perseverative semantic paraphasias, normal articulation, hypophonic voice, intact repetition, and intact grammar.
Striatocapsular Aphasia:
Language deficits associated with lesion at the striatum that occur as a result of a lack of blood flow to the cortical language areas.
Quality of Life:
An individual’s perception of his or her condition in life in relation to culture, values, goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.
Neuroplasticity:
The ability of a part of the brain to change its previous function and to take on and learn a new and previously unknown role.
Learned Nonuse:
When an individual learns to compensate for a deficit by employing other intact abilities and, in doing so, ceases to exercise the physical or intellectual ability in which the deficit is present.
Errorful Learning:
Acquisition of new knowledge in a way that produces some level of failure. Learning by trial and error.