psych final

Sexual assault

Nonconsensual sexual contact or sexual acts.

Aggravated sexual assault

Sexual assault with aggravating factors such as a weapon, serious injury, or threats.

Rape Shield Laws

Laws that limit evidence about a victim's past sexual behavior.

Victim rights

Right to information, protection, participation, restitution, and compensation.

Date rape

Sexual assault committed by someone known to the victim.

Rape myths

False beliefs that blame victims or excuse offenders.

Victim blaming

Holding the victim responsible for the assault.

Traditional gender roles

Beliefs that may contribute to rape myths and victim blaming.

Risk factors for date rape

Alcohol use, rape myths, traditional gender roles, and misunderstanding consent.

MTC:R3

Rapist typology with four offender types.

Opportunistic offender

Impulsive; assaults when an opportunity arises.

Pervasively Angry offender

Highly aggressive and generally violent.

Sexualized offender

Driven by deviant sexual fantasies and poor social skills.

Sadistic offender

Enjoys power, control, and victim suffering.

Predictors of recidivism

General aggression, impulsivity, antisocial behavior, and deviant sexual interests.

Characteristics of child molesters

Often know the victim, groom children, and may have poor adult relationships.

NICHD Child Interview Protocol

Structured interview using rapport building and open-ended questions.

Pre-substantive phase

Build rapport and explain interview rules.

Substantive phase

Ask open-ended questions about the event.

Closure phase

End the interview appropriately and answer questions.

Open-ended questions

Questions that allow the child to tell the story in their own words.

Grooming

Building trust to prepare a child for exploitation.

Sextortion

Threatening to share sexual images unless demands are met.

Deepfakes

AI-generated fake images or videos used for exploitation.

Child sexual exploitation

Using a child for sexual purposes.

Human trafficking

Exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion.

Force, fraud, coercion

The three main methods used in human trafficking.

Safe Harbor laws

Laws protecting trafficking victims from prosecution.

Complex PTSD

PTSD plus emotional regulation, self-image, and relationship problems after prolonged trauma.

Role of forensic psychologists in trafficking

Assess trauma, provide treatment recommendations, and educate the court.

Cultural competence

Understanding and respecting cultural differences.

Intersectionality

How multiple identities affect a person's experiences.

APA multicultural guidelines

Guidelines promoting culturally competent practice.

Assessment with immigrants and refugees

Consider language, culture, and trauma history.

Victimization of persons with disabilities

People with disabilities have a higher risk of victimization.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Protects individuals with disabilities and requires accommodations.

Crime Victims with Disabilities Awareness Act

Improves services for crime victims with disabilities.

Restitution

Money paid by the offender to the victim.

Victim compensation

State-funded financial assistance for victims.

Criminal court

Determines guilt and punishment.

Civil court

Resolves lawsuits for damages.

NCVS

National Crime Victimization Survey.

NCVS strengths

Includes crimes reported and not reported to police.

NCVS limitations

Relies on self-report and may exclude some populations.

Polyvictimization

Experiencing multiple forms of victimization.

Co-victims

People indirectly affected by a crime.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, or economic abuse by a partner.

Cycle of Violence

Tension-building → Acute battering → Honeymoon.

Tension-building phase

Increasing conflict and fear.

Acute battering phase

The abusive incident.

Honeymoon phase

Apologies, affection, and promises to change.

Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)

Measures behaviors used during conflict.

Criticism of CTS

Does not measure context, motivation, or power and control.

Battered Woman Syndrome

Psychological effects of repeated intimate partner violence.

Learned helplessness

Feeling unable to escape repeated abuse.

Meuer et al.'s stages of interpersonal violence

Conflict → Escalation → Violence → Aftermath.

Postpartum psychosis

Severe mental illness after childbirth involving hallucinations or delusions.

Memory acquisition

Encoding information.

Memory storage

Maintaining information over time.

Memory retrieval

Recalling stored information.

Suggestibility

Memories can be influenced by questioning.

Child parental abduction

A parent unlawfully takes or hides a child.

Roles of correctional psychologists

Assessment, treatment, crisis intervention, consultation, and risk assessment.

Jail

Local facility for people awaiting trial or serving short sentences.

Prison

State or federal facility for longer sentences after conviction.

Inmate rights

Right to medical and psychological care.

Effects of solitary confinement

Increased anxiety, depression, and psychological distress.

Mental illness in corrections

Common and often requires treatment.

Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model

Model for offender rehabilitation.

Risk principle

Match treatment intensity to risk level.

Need principle

Target criminogenic needs.

Responsivity principle

Match treatment to the offender's abilities and learning style.

Criminogenic needs

Factors linked to reoffending.

Noncriminogenic needs

Factors not directly linked to reoffending.

Static risk factors

Unchangeable factors such as criminal history.

Dynamic risk factors

Changeable factors such as substance abuse or attitudes.

Ongoing assessment

Regularly reassessing treatment and risk.

Correctional ethics

Role clarity, informed consent, and confidentiality limits.

Burnout

Emotional exhaustion from chronic work stress.

Dusky standard

Understanding court proceedings and assisting an attorney.

Juvenile competency

A juvenile's ability to understand and participate in court.

Juvenile detention

Temporary confinement before court decisions.

Adjudication

Juvenile equivalent of conviction.

Disposition

Juvenile equivalent of sentencing.

Judicial waiver

Judge transfers juvenile to adult court.

Prosecutorial waiver

Prosecutor decides to file in adult court.

Statutory waiver

State law automatically transfers certain juvenile cases.

Disproportionate minority confinement

Overrepresentation of minority youth in juvenile justice.

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Intensive family- and community-based treatment for juvenile offenders.

Juvenile sex offender assessment

Evaluates risk and treatment needs.

Goals of juvenile sex offender treatment

Rehabilitation, empathy, healthy relationships, and reducing reoffending.

Sexual assault vs. aggravated sexual assault

Aggravated sexual assault includes additional aggravating factors.

Criminal court vs. civil court

Criminal court punishes crimes; civil court awards damages.

Jail vs. prison

Jail is local and short-term; prison is state/federal and long-term.

PTSD vs. Complex PTSD

Complex PTSD includes PTSD plus emotional regulation, self-concept, and relationship problems.

Criminogenic vs. noncriminogenic needs

Criminogenic needs predict crime; noncriminogenic needs generally do not.

Disposition vs. sentencing

Disposition is used in juvenile court; sentencing is used in adult court.

Child interview phases

Pre-substantive → Substantive → Closure.

Waiver types

Judicial = Judge; Prosecutorial = Prosecutor; Statutory = Law.