Chapter 16 - Bryophytes

Marchantiophyta

Phylum of liverworts, characterized by no conducting tissue and may be thalloid or leafy.

Bryophyta

Phylum of mosses, known for having a dominant gametophyte and lacking true vascular tissue.

Anthocerotophyta

Phylum of hornworts, part of the bryophytes group.

Gametophyte

The dominant life stage in bryophytes, larger than the sporophyte.

Sporophyte

The life stage dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients throughout its lifetime.

Rhizoids

Structures that anchor bryophytes to the substrate, can be single cells or multicellular.

Archegonia

Female reproductive structure in bryophytes, containing neck canal cells and venter.

Antheridia

Male reproductive structure in bryophytes, surrounded by a sterile jacket.

Cuticle

A protective layer on some bryophytes that helps prevent water loss.

Gas Exchange

Liverworts have pores for gas exchange; mosses have single cell stomata.

Thallus

The undifferentiated plant body in some bryophytes, lacking leaves and stems.

Fragmentation

A form of asexual reproduction in bryophytes where parts of the plant can grow into new individuals.

Gemmae

Multicellular structures in thalloid liverworts that can produce new gametophytes and resist desiccation.

Life Cycle of Marchantia

Described on pages 376-377 of the textbook, illustrating the reproductive stages of liverworts.

Life Cycle of Moss

Described on pages 386-387 of the textbook, detailing the reproductive stages of mosses.

Embryophytes

A shared characteristic of all true plants, retaining a multicellular embryo.

Motile Sperm

Sperm that requires water for fertilization in bryophytes.

Protonema

An algal-like stage in the life cycle of some bryophytes.

Liverworts

A type of bryophyte characterized by a lack of cuticle and stomata, often having pores instead.

Mosses

Bryophytes that typically have a dominant gametophyte and can grow upwards for more sunlight.

Hornworts

A lesser-known phylum of bryophytes, characterized by their unique reproductive structures.

Thalloid Liverworts

Liverworts that have a thallus structure, lacking true leaves and stems.

Leafy Liverworts

Liverworts with small, one cell-thick leaves in their gametophyte stage.

Splash cup

Sperm dispersal by rain/water drops.

Sporophyte

Structure consisting of foot, seta (stalk), capsule (sporangium), and hygroscopic elaters; non-photosynthetic.

Elaters

Hygroscopic cells that undergo a shape change in response to moisture/drying and help disperse spores.

Phylum Bryophyta

The Mosses, with approximately 10,000+ species, characterized by a dominant gametophyte.

Protonema

The initial stage of development from a spore leading to a mature plant (gametophyte).

Cushiony moss

Erect types of moss.

Feathery moss

Branched, creeping types of moss.

Rhizoids

Multicellular structures that anchor the plant but differ from roots.

Hydroids

Water conducting cells found in some moss stems.

Leptoids

Sieve elements that conduct sugars in some mosses.

Stomata

Small openings surrounded by guard cells, present in some mosses.

Archegonia

Female reproductive structures on gametophytes.

Antheridia

Male reproductive structures on gametophytes.

Paraphyses

Sterile hairs surrounding archegonia and antheridia.

Zygote

The fertilized egg that develops into an embryo and then into a mature sporophyte.

Calyptra

Protective covering on the sporophyte, derived from the gametophyte.

Sphagnidae

Class of Bryophyta known as 'peat moss', decays slowly and forms peat.

Andreaeidae

Class of Bryophyta known as 'granite moss', found in mountainous and arctic regions.

Bryidae

Class of Bryophyta known as 'true' moss, includes most moss species.

Anthocerotophyta

Phylum of the Hornworts, with approximately 100 species.

Thalloid gametophyte

Dominant form in Anthocerotophyta, resembling thalloid liverwort.

Sporangium

Structure of the sporophyte that produces spores.

Gemmae

Asexual reproduction structures produced by fragmentation.

Archegoniophore

A structure that bears archegonia.

Antheridiophore

A structure that bears antheridia.

Foot

Part of the sporophyte that anchors it to the gametophyte.

Placenta

Tissue that provides nourishment to the sporophyte, part of the gametophyte.

Seta

Stalk of the sporophyte.

Capsule

Part of the sporophyte that contains spores.