Genetics

These are my Genetics Flashcards for that Unit of IB Biology if anyone wants to use them

chromosome

What is Condensed DNA called?

1

How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

Multiple

How many chromosomes do Eukaryotes have

46

How many chromosomes do humans have?

23

How many chromosome pairs do humans have?

The cell does nothing

What happens during G1?

Synthesis phase, make new chromosomes

What happens during the S phase?

Interphase

phase when the cell is not doing cell division

Prophase

Longest phase, Spindle fibers begin to form, DNA nucleus is condensed

Prometaphase

shortest phase, nuclear envelope disintegrates

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, Spindle fibers connect to each centromere

Anaphase

sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

Nucleus reforms and chromosomes decondense, doesn't end cell division

Cytokinesis

Cell splits Cyto: cell kinesis: split

G1 (stage)

First stage of Interphase

S phase (stage)

Second stage of Interphase

G2 (stage)

Third stage of interphase

Prophase (stage)

First stage of cell reproduction (Mitosis)

Prometaphase (stage)

Second stage of cell reproduction (Mitosis)

Metaphase (stage)

Third stage of cell reproduction (Mitosis)

Anaphase (stage)

4th stage of cell reproduction (Mitosis)

Telophase (stage)

5th stage of cell reproduction (Mitosis)

CDK (Cyclin Dependent Kinase)

Regulate cell cycle, can tell cell to kill itself

Apoptosis

Other cells telling a cell to kill itself

p53

Gene on chromosome 17 that regulates cell cycle by telling cells to arrest in G1 without it there would be no Apoptosis

Proto-oncogenes

controls start of cell division

Tumor

abnormal cell growth = precursor to cancer

Meiosis

the production of sex cells

Mutagins

things that cause gene mutations

diploid to haploid

Goes from 2 chromosomes to 1 chromosome

Prophase 1

Same as Mitosis but crossing over occurs and homologous chromosomes pair together

Prophase 2

Same as prophase but no cross overs and no homologous pairs

Chromosomes

# of chromatids that are together

Chromatids

# of strands of DNA

Downe's Syndrome

Trysomy 21

Alleles

variants in the traits

Trait

Universal in the same type of organism Ex: Eye color

Locus

location of a gene on a chromosome

Autosomal trait

a trait which the allele for is located on a non sex chromosome

Heredity

the practice of passing characteristics to offspring

Genotype

allele for a trait on a organism that you can't see

Phenotype

physical display of a gene carried by a organism, you can see

Incomplete dominance

neither allele is fully dominant results in a 3rd thing like spots or stripes

Co dominance

Results in a blend of both like pink when the other things would be red or white

Karyotyping

determines which chromosomes pair together, organizes chromosomes by size