UCLA Poli Sci 20 Final Review, UCLA Political Science 20 Final, UCLA Poli Sci 20

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Decolonization

The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.

anarchy

absence of government

national interests

interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power

collective action problems

Situations in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.

Mercantilism

System by which imperial governments used military power to enrich themselves and their supporters, then used those riches to enhance their military power.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Interwar Period

The period between the 1919 end of WWI and 1939 beginning of WWII, shaped by the results of WWI and Great Depression.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Security Dilemma

A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure. This dilemma can lead to arms races and war due to fear of being attacked.

incomplete information

a situation in which actors in a strategic interaction lack information about other actors' interests and/or capabilities

commitment problems

a situation in which actors cannot achieve their goals because of an inability to make credible threats or promises

Issue Indivisibility

An indivisible issue is something that cannot be adequately divided (who is king of a country or who controls an island, for example).

If states cannot effectively bargaining because issues are indivisible, then war can result.

However, states can make side payments to resolve the indivisibility and avoid war.

Thus, we treat issue indivisibility as a rationalist explanation for war in theory but not in practice.

first-strike advantage

The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first in a war.

Rally Effect

the tendency for people to become more supportive of their country's government in response to dramatic international events, such as crises or wars

interest groups

Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals

democratic peace

the observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states

Balance of Power

a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others

permanent five (P5)

The five permanent members of the UNSC: the United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union (now Russia), and China.

Peacekeeping

the active maintenance of a truce between nations or communities, especially by an international military force.

Asymmetrical Warfare

Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities, such as when terrorists or rebel groups fight strong states

proxy wars

a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved.

Proxy War

a conflict in which two opposing states "fight" by supporting opposite sides in war, such as the government and rebels in a third state

repeat

provocation

action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately

spoiling

a strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society

Outbidding

a strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause

comparative advantage

the ability of an individual, a firm, or a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory

The theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. Thus, a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor.

Protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

Stolper-Samuelson Theorem

The theory that protection benefits the scarce factor of production. This view flows from the Heckscher-Ohlin approach: if a country imports goods that make intensive use of its scarce factor, then limiting imports will help that factor. So in a labor-scarce country, labor benefits from protection and loses from trade liberalization.

Ricardo-Viner Model

a model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor itself

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

portfolio investment

Investment in a foreign country via the purchase of stocks (equities), bonds, or other financial instruments. Portfolio investors do not exercise managerial control of the foreign operation.

sovereign lending

loans from private financial institutions in one country to sovereign governments in other countries

fixed exchange rate

An exchange rate policy under which a government commits itself to keep its currency at or around a specific value in terms of another currency or a commodity, such as gold.

floating exchange rate

an exchange rate policy under which a government permits its currency to be traded on the open market without direct government control or intervention

appreciate

to increase in value

depreciate

to decrease in value

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

The use of trade barriers to keep certain products out of one's country so that domestic industry can emerge and produce the same goods.

export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

A set of policies, originally pursued starting in the late 1960s by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies and incentives for export production.

Customary International Law

international law that usually develops slowly, over time, as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct

Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)

a set of individuals and NGOs acting in pursuit of a normative objective

human rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms

International Criminal Court

a court established by the United Nations for indicting and administering justice to people who commit war crimes

Tragedy of the Commons

situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community

nonexcludable goods

Goods that, if available to be consumed by one actor, cannot be prevented from being consumed by other actors as well.

nonrival goods

goods for which consumption by one actor does not diminish the quantity available for others

Externalities

economic side effects or by-products that affect an uninvolved third party; can be negative or positive

Defense

ward off an attack; minimize damage to self

Prestige

respect from others; establishing dominance and hegemony

Brute force

used to achieve one's desires through the elimination of the enemy; use of violence to get victory; about enemy strength; does not try to shape the motives of others

Coercion

diplomacy of violence; threat on costs of other political actors in order to change their behavior; may not involve the use of force at all - more success when not using force; two forms - deterrence and compellence; threat of more violence to come; about the enemy's interests

Economic threats/coercion

embargo, sanctions, trade agreement severances

Gulf War; Iran/Iraq War examples of?

Brute force

Deterrence

preventing others from doing an unwanted action through threats; a type of coercion; no need for force if successful; "I will hurt you if you take action;" others must believe it

Examples of deterrence

Eisenhower threatened use of nuclear weapons to defend Taiwan; US cares about NK having nuclear weapons and use threat of force to stop them

Compellence

stop unwanted action; convince others to take an action they don't want to take through the threat of force; "I will hurt you until you do what I want;" successful because of rapid change

Example of compellence

Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1950 and 1958 - US demanded to leave Formosa, Taiwan alone, Eisenhower threatened naval ships would attack

Which is more difficult: compellence or deterrence?

Compellence - once you've already done something, it is hard to go back on what was done; more costly than deterrence; fixed deadline

Bargaining

political actors choose outcomes where they are better off at the expense of another

Crisis bargaining

at least one actors threatens to use force if demands are not met; tradeoff between trying to get a better deal AND trying to avoid war

Warfare before Napoleonic Wars

wars fought on behalf of monarch, mercenary soldiers, no nationalized armies, little concept of nationality; purpose = to obtain territory and material gains; no point hurting civilians

Warfare with French Revolutionary Wars

Levee en Masse = a million and a half Frenchmen in French national army, it was the people's wars, greater connection between war and civilians; purpose = victory, hurt enemy's military first

Warfare today

can start with coercion, target civilians, no need to hurt enemy's military first, victory can also = serious cost

Shelling on nuclear weapons

nuclear weapons do no more damage than an ice pick to defenseless people; scale of destruction is not different through time; purpose of violence has change - now it's easier to hurt others & civilians; instruments are used more for punishment than to gain

Nuclear triad

land, air, and sea

Causes of proliferation (rapid growth)

national security, regime legitimization, status/prestige, coercive power

Security model

IR is anarchic; states are uncertain about survival so they seek deterrents; nuclear asymmetry = major vulnerability; proliferation/rapid growth and acquirement = chain reaction

Example of security model

Stalin asked America to provide them with an atomic bomb to protect themselves

Domestic model

leaders are guided by domestic constituents and powerful lobbies; idea that weapon growth can be a distraction from something more important - model more likely during hard times

Example of domestic model

Indian weapon growth - lost war to China, no consensus about security needs/nukes, took 10 years after China's nuke test and government infighting/lobbying by scientists to have nuclear program; did test because of = record low approval ratings, economic recession, riots; 90% Indians proud of the test = national confidence in leadership

Status model

Nukes = symbols of modernity & great power status

Example of status model

French weapon growth - wanted to restore great power status in 50's, loser in WWII, decolonization minimized France's role, "in 10 years time, France will still be an important country"

Benefits of nuclear proliferation

extended peace/stability - nukes are not obsolete by better ones, no need for guaranteed total destruction; second-strike ability (strike back if hit)

5 benefits of nuclear proliferation by Waltz

small gains is little incentive to fight; states act with care when costs are high; country with nukes does not need to fight to increase security; attacked states fight stronger (out of self-preservation); certainty knowing states are strong makes war less likely

Costs of nuclear proliferation

domestic instability - nukes end up in the wrong hands = terrorists, unchecked military, nuke smuggling; might encourage reckless nuclear states

Terrorism

NO AGREED DEFINITION - US definition: spread terror among civilians to achieve political objective; premeditated, political violence, done by sub-national groups/secret agents, usually to influence audience; tactics are not international norms of war, does not want territory, fight not in the open, done by "violent intellectuals"

Suicide terrorism

use of it violates the norm of tactics; targets civilians even though it is generally agreed they should not be involved; publicity or coercion purpose, not scared of dying for their cause, remove opposition, more destructive than other terrorisms, lots of attention

Actions that are not terrorism

wartime, self-defense, action is against war targets/military (not civilians), collateral damage

Terrorism trends (what is becoming more common?)

increase in # of attacks, not very deadly, most are bombings

Why terrorism?

gain supporters/publicity from large audience (hostages, hijacking), to coerce (bombings)

Is terrorism irrational?

organizational level = no; have objectives, strategies, adopting practices, strike democracies where leaders will give in to demands

How to stop terrorism

target leaders (but can get new leaders), crush group, move towards legitimate political process (talks with them often don't work), border control, homeland security

How terrorism stops by itself

achieved their objectives/autonomy (i.e. PKK in Turkey), group implosion (philosophy implodes, group differences, lose control), do other forms of activism (i.e. FARC)

International Political Economy (IPE)

study of the relationship between politics and economics; three theories = liberal, Marxist, mercantilist

IPE - liberal

absolute gains are possible, less regulation = best, maximize total welfare, no politics involved in economics; actors = individuals, firms, entrepreneurs

IPE - Marxist

gains = zero-sum between classes, all parties can't win, distribution = skewed (favors those on top), mode of production determines the political structure; actors = economic classes

IPE - mercantilist

realist approach, gains = zero-sum between countries, power politics & national security determines political structure, trading zones establish power over lesser states; actors = nation states

History of trade

1850s = Britain & others liberalize - result of change from mercantilist

Late 19th/early 20th century = 1st era of globalization; Interwar = trade restrictions; Postwar = liberalization under GATT; 1980s = globalization

Absolute advantage

a good a nation produces more efficiently than others

Comparative advantage

a good a country produces at a lower opportunity cost than other countries; all countries have a C.A. in something so theoretically all countries should benefit from free trade so should focus to produce these

Opportunity cost

what a country forgoes in order to produce a particular good