Comprehensive Study Notes: Organic Chemistry, Chemical Bonding, and Carbohydrates

Vocabulary flashcards covering organic chemistry concepts, functional groups, macromolecule assembly and breakdown, and carbohydrate structures from the lecture.

Organic Molecule

A carbon-containing molecule that possesses carbon-to-hydrogen and/or carbon-to-carbon bonds and is abundant in living organisms.

Photosynthesis

The process plants use to take carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and energy from the sun to rearrange carbon into glucose.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The specific chemical energy molecule used by all cells when they require energy.

Inorganic Molecule

A molecule that lacks carbon-to-carbon and carbon-to-hydrogen bonds, such as water or oxygen gas.

Macromolecules

Large, complex organic molecules that constitute living cells, divided into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Functional Group

A group of atoms with special chemical features that exhibit the same properties in all molecules in which it occurs.

Amino Group

A functional group ($NH_2$) that acts as a weak base by taking on a hydrogen proton, thereby reducing the proton concentration of water.

Carboxylic Acid Group

A functional group ($COOH$) that acts as a weak acid by donating a proton to water.

Hydroxyl Group

A polar functional group ($-OH$) found in steroids, alcohols, and carbohydrates that forms hydrogen bonds with water, rendering molecules soluble.

Methyl Group

A nonpolar, hydrophobic functional group consisting of $CH_3$.

Inorganic Phosphate Group

A negatively charged functional group lacking carbon, found on phospholipids, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), and ATP.

Dehydration Reaction

An enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction that joins monomers into polymers by removing a water molecule for every subunit added.

Hydrolysis Reaction

An enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule for every subunit released.

Monomer

A small building block subunit that covalently bonds with other subunits to construct polymers.

Polymer

A large molecule formed by linking many smaller monomer subunits together in a chain.

Carbohydrate

An organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, where the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio is two to one.

Monosaccharide

A simple single sugar containing a carbon backbone of three to five carbons, such as glucose or fructose.

Disaccharide

A double sugar formed by bonding two monosaccharides together through a dehydration reaction, such as sucrose or lactose.

Glycosidic Bond

The specific covalent bond that holds two sugar molecules together.

Peptide Bond

The specific covalent bond that holds amino acids together in a protein chain.