Development of the Brain (Chapter 4)

Anecephaly

________:: does not fuse fully /completely in the anterior, cant have development of bone, muscle, skin in the brain.

Meningocele

________:: dura mater inflates and pops out, grows as the brain produces more spinal fluid.

immediate change

Fertilization of an egg- ________ to the cells, they begin dividing- the tissue divides itself into 3 layers.

Alzheimers

________:: transition into total memory failure; buildup of beta- amyloid plaques (extracellular) and tau protein tangles (intracellular)

GI

Endoderm:: ________ and res tracts, endothelial cells.

→ keeps

Cerebral spinal fluid (which is only made in the outer boundaries of the ventricles) causes compression somewhere along the chamber- sensors further down tell the ventricles to produce more spinal fluid, but the fluid is blocked ________ making more and more and starts to crush neural tissue.

Tangential migration

________:: parallel to the neural tube.

Spina Bifida

________:: gap in the fusing of the vertebral column.

MCI

________:: Mild Cognitive Impairment- prospective memory impairment and weak coding of new info.

Myelomeningocele

________:: most severe; posterior region of neural tube, spinal cord fails to fully develop (like anecephaly); causes nerve damage and paralysis.

ganglion

Dorsal root ________:: nerves that interface b /w body and spinal cord.

Ectoderm

skin, nervous system

Mesoderm

muscles and bones

Endoderm

GI and res tracts, endothelial cells

Neural plate will form

neural crest will fuse and set up foundation for the brain and spinal cord

Forms central canal and becomes the neural tube

goes all the way thru entire length of cells (brain is at the anterior)

Dorsal root ganglion

nerves that interface b/w body and spinal cord

Forebrain

cortical regions, thalamus, hypothalamus

Hindbrain

cerebellum, pons, medulla

Anecephaly

does not fuse fully/completely in the anterior, cant have development of bone, muscle, skin in the brain

Causes

folic acid (main cause), genetics (mutations), environment

Spina Bifida

gap in the fusing of the vertebral column

Meningocele

dura mater inflates and pops out, grows as the brain produces more spinal fluid

Myelomeningocele

most severe; posterior region of neural tube, spinal cord fails to fully develop (like anecephaly); causes nerve damage and paralysis

MOMS study (2003)

prenatal surgical closure of myelomeningocele

Cerebral spinal fluid (which is only made in the outer boundaries of the ventricles) causes compression somewhere along the chamber

sensors further down tell the ventricles to produce more spinal fluid, but the fluid is blocked → keeps making more and more and starts to crush neural tissue

Can treat by putting a shunt into the lateral ventricle

cerebral spinal fluid will drain thru the tube into the small intestine (almost always naturally rectifies)

Tangential migration

parallel to the neural tube

Somal translocation

neuron extends a little sticky arm and zooms to catch up with it

Neuron differentiation

if the cell is a neuron, what kind of neuron

Birth of synapses

neurons able to talk to other neurons; distinct processes for different areas of the brain; synaptic pruning after a process of fast development (think of farm to market roads example)

Active cell death

healthy process cleaning up messes/unused pathways; cell death is based on competition; impaired in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases

Body makes too many synapses to start with so they start to the fine tune their processes and rearrange; growth and complexity increase over time

essential fora health brain

Abilities change across the lifespan

slower reaction time, larger vocab

Balance b/w the body and the brain

both must work together to remain healthy

Alzheimers

transition into total memory failure; buildup of beta-amyloid plaques (extracellular) and tau protein tangles (intracellular)