Campbell Biology 12th Ed- Ch 31

Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies using a wide array of enzymes

Fungi

Fungi cell walls are made of

chitin

Yeasts are ______________ while hyphae are _______________.

single-celled, multi-celled

All multi-celled fungi produce...

spores

True or false: fungi have eggs and sperm

False

Fungi can reproduce..

sexually or asexually

Two types of hyphae are

septate and coenocytic

Septate hyphae have ____________________ while Coenocytic hyphae ___________________.

pores and septums; don't

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei which can take hours to even centuries to occur

Molds produce __________________ by ___________________ and form visible ________________.

spores; mitosis; mycelia

Molds

a type of asexual fungus that consists of chains of cells and appears as a fuzzy mass of thin filaments in culture

Yeasts produce asexually by...

budding

phereomones

biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal's behavior of physiology

Sexual reproduction of fungi requires...

the fusion of hyphae from different mating types using pheromones to communicate their mating type

Fungi nuclei are normally _________, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles .

haploid

Fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___

animals; plants

5 groups of fungi

chytrids

zygomycetes

glomeromycetes

ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

Can be decomposers, parasites or mutualists

Chytrids

__________________ have flagellated spores

Chytrids

Fast-growing molds, parasites and commensal symbionts are all examples of

Zygomycetes

An example of a zygomycete is

Rhizopus- black bread mold

characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae

Glomeromycetes

Mycorrhizal fungi benefit from plants by

getting carbon from them

Plants benefit from mycorrhizal fungi by

extra surface area for water and phosphorus uptake

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscles.

Mushrooms, coral fungi, puffballs and rusts are all...

Basidiomycetes

Basidiomycetes are commonly called

"Club fungi"

Many are decomposers of wood

Basidiomycetes

basidiocarp

Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

"Sac Fungi"

Ascomycota

ascomycetes reproduce asexually by forming spores called _________________

conidia

ascocarp

in sac fungi, the reproductive structure in which haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote

Ascomycetes can be...

plant pathogens, decomposers, or symbionts

fungi can break down

cellulose and lignin

Fungi are essential for

the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems because they break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

endophytes

fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

Taxol

chemotherapy agent derived from a fungal endophyte from the bark of the pacific yew tree

Some fungi share their digestive services with

animals

Fungi help digest plant material...

in the guts of cows and other grazing animals

Important pioneers on new rock and soil surfaces

lichen

These are sensitive to pollution

lichens

Lichens are a cross between

fungi and algae

Fungi benefits from algae by....

gaining nitrogen and carbon compounds from algae photosynthesis

Algae benefits from fungi by...

surface area and protection

Three types of lichens

crustose, foliose, fruticose

Mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

fungal parasites

thrush, yeast infections

Practical uses of fungi include

nutrition for humans, making cheeses, bread and alcoholic beverages

Penicillium

a genus of fungus used as a source of a chemical used to make penicillin

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

yeast fungus used in fermenting processes for beer, wine, spirits

A hypha is __________________ while mycelium is __________________.

a single filament; many filaments

saprobe

pathogenic organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter