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Rejection of the State
Anarcho-communists advocate for abolishing the state and promoting voluntary associations like communes or workers' federations.
Anti-Clericalism
Anarchists oppose religion as an oppressive construct that forms an authoritarian nexus with the state, diverting from individualism.
Opposition to the Liberal State
Anarchists reject surrendering sovereignty to higher authorities, deny the liberal state's legitimacy, and criticize claims of government by the people.
Role of Democracy
Anarchists debate the role of democracy, with some accepting elements of direct democracy while others like Bakunin view it as a tool to obscure elite oppression.
Rejection of Direct Democracy
Anarchists like Rousseau argue that direct democracy is impractical due to self-interest and only viable in small, well-informed communities.
Rejection of the Socialist State
Anarchists criticize socialist states for creating elites, fostering corruption, and undermining individual responsibility and local communities.
Rejection of Organized Religion
Anarchists, except for a few like Godwin and Tolstoy, oppose organized religion for controlling the masses and promising rewards for obedience.
Liberty
Anarchists see true freedom as individual liberty without laws or force, emphasizing private judgment and finding freedom in voluntary groups.
Anarchy is Order
Anarchists believe that order can emerge naturally from free individuals cooperating within communities, with differing views on the scale of communities.
Economic Freedom
Anarchists advocate for managing the economy without state control, with collectivist anarchists opposing capitalism's inequality and individualists criticizing its restriction of freedom.
Utopianism
Anarchists envision ideal societies without the state, with individualists, anarcho-communists, and anarcho-capitalists proposing different economic and social structures.
Criticisms
Anarchists face criticisms for not detailing how to achieve their visions, lacking historical examples, having an over-optimistic view of human nature, and facing challenges from various political ideologies.
Human Nature - Similarities
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Both believe humans are naturally empathetic and sociable.
Anti-competitive; prefer collective goals and solidarity.
Human Nature - Differences
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Emphasises mutual aid and solidarity within smaller communities.
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Stresses occupational solidarity and the creative fulfilment of labour.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Egoism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Believes in true altruism and empathy.
Egoism: Believes in self-interest and rationality, rejecting altruism.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Capitalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Rejects private property and capitalism.
Anarcho-Capitalism: Supports private property rights and free trade.
State - Similarities
All believe the state should be abolished.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Favour self-governance and cooperative federations.
State - Differences
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Supports voluntary communes controlling production.
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Supports replacing the state with worker-led federations and may advocate for violent revolutions.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Egoism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Believes in collective decision-making and communal living.
Egoism: Rejects all forms of collectivism and authority, focusing on individual autonomy.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Capitalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Aims to abolish capitalism and replace it with communal ownership.
Anarcho-Capitalism: Supports free-market principles and minimal state interference.
Society - Similarities
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Both emphasise mutual aid and cooperative societies.
Society - Differences
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Advocates for solidarity within smaller, voluntary communities.
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Focuses on occupational solidarity and worker control.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Egoism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Promotes cooperative communities.
Egoism: Focuses on individual self-interest and voluntary unions of egoists.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Capitalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Rejects capitalist competition.
Anarcho-Capitalism: Supports free-market interactions and rejects collective ownership.
Economy - Similarities
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Both reject capitalism and support cooperative economic systems.
Economy - Differences
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Syndicalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Supports communal ownership and equal distribution.
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Supports worker-led economic organization through trade unions.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Egoism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Opposes capitalism and supports communal ownership.
Egoism: Supports free trade for individual benefit without state intervention.
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism vs. Anarcho-Capitalism
Anarcho-Communism and Mutualism: Seeks to abolish capitalism.
Anarcho-Capitalism: Believes in unregulated capitalism and private property rights.
Max Stirner - Human Nature
Pessimistic: The ego drives individuals to pursue self-interest. Altruism is only possible if it serves self-interest.
Max Stirner - State
Replace gradually by unions of egoism. The state and private property must be abolished for maximum freedom.
Max Stirner - Society
Ideologies suppress freedom. Individuals should develop their egos and challenge authority. Unions of egoism form to maximise self-interest.
Max Stirner - Economy
The accumulation and protection of property is the main economic motivation. No involvement of morals or laws. Collectivist societies lead to power imbalances.
Peter Kropotkin - Human Nature
Optimistic: Humans are naturally cooperative, living in social groups and engaging in mutual aid.
Peter Kropotkin - State
Overthrow the state, fearing the development of a new one. Preferred small, natural communities over a state.
Peter Kropotkin - Society
No contradiction between a close-knit society and individual liberty. Proposed natural communities based on mutual aid and self-sufficiency.
Peter Kropotkin - Economy
Capitalism must be replaced by a communist system with small, self-sufficient economic units. Inequality causes social tension and disorder.
Mikhail Bakunin - Human Nature
Humans are born with an impulse toward moral justice. Freedom is achieved by obeying natural laws voluntarily.
Mikhail Bakunin - State
Immediate removal of the state, rejecting a workers' state as it would become tyrannical. Advocated for federalism with voluntary communities.
Mikhail Bakunin - Society
Opposed any state, believing power corrupts. The Paris Commune was an example of economic equality and direct democracy.
Mikhail Bakunin - Economy
The capitalist market promotes inequality and should be replaced by free negotiation and exchange based on true value. Private property is a threat to freedom and social order.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Human Nature
Humans are characterised by their productive abilities and creativity.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - State
Preferred peaceful abolition of the state, favouring decentralized cooperative communities of workers.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Society
Advocated for mutualism and a federal system of communes. Believed in reconciling individualist and collectivist anarchism.
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - Economy
"Property is theft," but supported possessions for managing production. Advocated for common ownership of means of production and a People's Bank.
Emma Goldman - Human Nature
Individual liberty is fundamental, and the desire for freedom is inherent in mankind.
Emma Goldman - State
Rejected political reform, viewing the state and capitalism as oppressive. Advocated for violent revolution.
Emma Goldman - Society
Championed women's emancipation, tolerance of homosexuality, and free love. Promoted "propaganda of the deed" to inspire anarchist actions.
Emma Goldman - Economy
Advocated for the abolition of capitalism without proposing an alternative. Criticised the state and capitalism as exploitative, including religion.
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