UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES

Eukaryots include

• animals

• plants

• fungi

• protista/protizoa

• protist are »unicellular eaukaryotes

Eukaryota synapomorphies include

• true nuclues

• mitochondria

plants are usually

autotrophic

animals are usually

hetertrophic

UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES ARE

Are both

• Autotrophic

• heterotrophic

Heterotrophic- TWO TYPES

Holozoic- eat visible food particles

saprozoic- ingest soluble food

PROTISTS ARE

TYPE OF EUKARYOTE

• paraphyletic

• unicellular eukaryotes 

• originally classified by mobility

Protists mobility

• sporozoa- weird parasitic forms

• flagellates

• cilliates

• amoebas

Protist reproduction

• sexual and asexual

• no emrbyonic development

PROTIST Asexual reproduction

• binary fission

• budding (in some ciliates)

• multiple fission (in apicomplexans and amoeba)

PROTIST Sexual reproduction

• some have meiosis than gametes

• some meiosis after fetilization

• some have intermediar meisosis (alteration of generations

FERTILIZATION OPTIONS:

• SYNGAMY

• AUTOGAMY

• CONJUGATION

SYNGAMY

fertilization of one gamete by another

autogamy

gametic nuclei from meiosis fuse to form a zygote within the same organism

conjugation

exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms

CYSTS

some protists make cysts in harsh conditions (encystment)

• dormant- complete shutdown of metabolisim

• protected by external covering

• also can happen in parasites when theu’re between hosts

getting out is excystment

Lineages within prokaryotes

• metamonada

• discoba

• SAR

• archaeplastida

• unkonta

METAMONADA- type of protist

flagellated anaerobic protists

• lack mitochondria

most are parasitic or commensal

example: giardia

• beaver fever

DISCOBA-type of protist

contains heterolobosea and euglenozoa

heterolobosea

• some members transform from amoebic to flagellated forms

• example: naegleria fowleri-brain-eating amoeba

Euglenozoa- type of discoba- which is within protist

posses a pellicle (stiffened cell membrane)

TWO SUBPHYLA

EUGLENDIA- possess chloroplasts

• example: euglena

KINETOPLASTA-possess a kinetoplsat ( a mass of mitochondrial DNA close to the nucleus)

• example: trypanosoma

STRAMENOPILE (S-AR)

• unicellular

• diatoms

• brown algae

• — body called a thallus

• ex: kelp, sargassum

Alveolata (s-A-r)

Contains 3 phyla:

• ciliophora

• dinoflagellata

• apicomplexa

Ciliophora- within alveolata

COvered in cilia, arranged in rows

mainly free-living, solitary, and motile

always multinucleate

some have trichocysts or toxicysts for defense

Ex:Paramecium

• binary fission 

• conjugatoin 

• autogamy

Dinoflagellata-within alveolata

• Have two flagella in grooves  ( one equatorial, one longitudinal)

• can be naked or covered in cellulose plates

• half are photoautotrophs, half are heterotrophs

• EX: zooxanthellae- dinoflagelleates that live mutualistically with coral

• red tides

apicompleca- within alveolata

• alla are endoparasites

• possess an apical complex

• specialized organelles that help in parasitizing

• EX: toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis

• ex: plasmodium-malaria

RHIZARIA- (sa-R)

heterotrophic forms that are isially amoeboid

contains 3 Phyla

• Cercoza

• Foraminifera

• Radiolaria

FORAMINIFER- Within Rhizaria

• amoevas with tests (chambered shells) made of calcium carbonate

• pseudopods go through the holes in the test to make reticulopoda

• mainly marine and benthic

• make calcareous ooze on the seafloor

Radiolaria- within Rhizaria- within Protist

• Amoebas with intricate skeletons usually made of silica (sio2)

• Planktonic

• Make silliceous ooze on the seafloor

ARCHAEPLASTIDA

Group containing plants and algae:

• iridiplantae- plants and green algae

• gluacophyta 

• rhodophyta-red algae

RHODOPHYTA (red algae)

• mainly seaweeds

• some unicellular, most multicellular and filamentoros

• complex reproduction

CHLOROPHYTA- within archaeplastida

• Green algae

• unicellular and multicellular forms

• found all over the world

• shares feats with true plants:

— Chorophyll a &b

— stores food as stach in chloroplasts

Ex: ulothrix and volvox

UNIKONTA

Amoebozoa

opisthokonta- flattened mitochondrial cristae

• fungi

• holozoa

• — animalia

• — choanoflagellata

AMOEBOZOA

• contains both unicellular: naked or testate amoebas

• multicellular: slime molds

CHOANOFLAGELLATA

Flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli

can be solitary or colonial

• solitary forms are sessile

• one colonial form can “swim” with the flagella

very closelu resemple sponge cells called choanocytes