Population and Community Health Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering public health, occupational therapy models, health literacy, community practice, and specialized interventions for mothers, athletes, and the elderly.

What is the definition of Public health according to the lecture notes?

The critical functions of state and local health departments such as preventing infectious disease outbreaks, containing environmental hazards, and encouraging health behaviors.

What is the aim of Vision $2025$ for occupational therapy?

As an inclusive profession, occupational therapy maximizes health, well-being, and quality of life for all people, populations, and communities through effective solutions that facilitate participation in everyday living.

Which three components comprise the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)?

Performance capacity, Habituation, and Volition.

What are Wilcock’s four dimensions of occupation?

Doing, Being, Belonging, and Becoming.

Who developed the Diffusion of innovations theory and in what years was it updated?

Rogers ($1962$, $1993$, $2003$).

Who is associated with the Health belief model (HBM) from $1960$?

Rosenstock et al.

When was the Precede-proceed model developed and by whom?

Green ($1974$).

According to the transcript, who developed the Social ecological model in $1977$?

Bronfenbrenner.

Who developed the Transtheoretical model of change (TTM)?

Prochaska & DiClemente ($1983$).

Which scholar is associated with Social Cognitive Theory ($2004$)?

Bandura.

In health promotion, how is 'Innovation' defined?

The new idea, product, or method people are deciding whether to gradually use.

What does 'Perceived Susceptibility' refer to in health models?

How likely a person thinks they are to get a disease or condition.

What occurs during the PRECEDE phase of planning?

Identifying community needs, health problems, and factors affecting behavior.

Under the Social Ecological Model, what does the 'Individual' level encompass?

A person’s own knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that affect their actions.

How is the 'Interpersonal' level defined in the Social Ecological Model?

Family, friends, and social relationships that influence behavior.

What does the 'Community' level of the Social Ecological Model focus on?

Community environments and local networks that impact health and behavior.

What is the 'Organizational' level in the Social Ecological Model?

Schools, workplaces, and organizations that affect behavior through rules and systems.

Define the 'Policy/Enabling Environment' level of the Social Ecological Model.

Laws, policies, and larger systems that shape opportunities and behaviors.

What characterizes the 'Precontemplation' stage of the TTM?

The person is not ready to change and may not see a problem.

What happens during the 'Contemplation' stage of change?

The person recognizes the problem and starts thinking about change.

Define the 'Preparation' stage in the Transtheoretical model.

The person plans to change soon and may begin small steps.

What is the 'Action' stage of behavioral change?

The person is actively making changes in behavior.

What occurs during the 'Maintenance' stage of health behavior?

The person works to continue the new healthy behavior and avoid relapse.

How is the 'Termination' stage defined?

The unhealthy behavior is no longer tempting and the change feels permanent.

What acronym represents the overarching goals of Healthy People $2030$?

CrEPEA.

How does population health provide opportunity for health care systems?

It provides an opportunity for health care systems, agencies, and organizations to work together to improve health outcomes of communities.

What is the core work of public health according to the notes?

Working to protect and improve community health through policy recommendations, health education, outreach, and research for disease detection and injury prevention.

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

The study of the distribution, frequencies, and determinants of disease, injury, and disability in human populations.

How is 'Incidence' defined?

The number of new cases of disease, injury, or disability within a specific time frame, usually a year.

Define 'Prevalence' as it refers to community health.

The total number of cases of disease, injury, or disability in a community, city, state, or nation existing at a point in time.

What are 'Resiliency factors'?

Precursors that appear to increase an individual's or population's resistance to developing a disease or disability or sustaining an injury.

What is 'Equity' in the context of resource allocation?

The practice of allocating resources and opportunities based on individual circumstances and needs, ensuring fair and impartial treatment.

What is 'Group cohesion' in population health?

The network of relationships holding a group together.

How is 'Community' defined in the lecture transcript?

A combination of individuals, their needs and desires, and the environment in which they reside, work, and play.

What are the four components of Community health?

Physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being of a group of people linked together in some way.

What are the five elements of Well-being?

Positive emotion, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.

What is Reciprocal Determinism?

The concept that a person, their behavior, and their environment all influence each other.

Define 'Self-Efficacy' in health behavior.

A person’s belief in their ability to succeed, which affects their behavior.

What are 'Outcome Expectations'?

The idea that people are more likely to do behaviors if they expect positive results.

Define 'Human Agency' in the context of social cognitive theory.

The ability of people to intentionally make choices that shape their future and behavior.

What is 'Occupational Adaptation'?

Adjusting how you do activities when life changes or challenges happen.

How is 'Occupational Coherence' defined?

Feeling like your daily activities match who you are and what matters to you.

What are the four main components of the Community Centered Practice Framework?

Community identity, Community occupations, Community resources and barriers, and Participation enablement.

How can infrastructure in the community serve a dual purpose?

It can be both a resource and a barrier.

What is the focus of Population Health Research?

Investigation of differences in health status, examining interrelationships between social, economic, demographic, cultural, and political distributions.

What is 'Health Equity'?

The absence of disparities or avoidable differences among socioeconomic and demographic groups or geographic areas in health status and outcomes.

What does the Minority Stress Model (Meyer, $2003$) explain?

High levels of stress uniquely experienced among members of minority groups.

Define 'Occupational Continuity'.

Keeping a sense of routine and stability through your activities over time.

What is 'Occupational Competence'?

Being able to successfully do the activities you need or want to do.

How is 'Occupational Identity' defined?

How your activities and roles help shape who you are as a person.

What is 'Occupational Orchestration'?

Balancing and organizing different activities and roles in daily life.

Define 'Occupational Self-Efficacy'.

Confidence in your ability to complete activities and handle challenges.

What is the first role OTs have in health promotion?

Promote healthy lifestyles for all clients and identify lifestyle risks.

What is the second role OTs have in health promotion?

Infuse occupation into proven health promotion programming.

What is the third role OTs have in health promotion?

Develop and implement occupation-based community and population health promotion programming.

Name two examples of health disparities provided in the notes.

Diabetes among Latinos and Stroke among African Americans.

How is 'Poverty' defined in terms of basic needs?

The amount of money necessary to meet basic needs of food, water, and shelter.

What was the poverty rate and total number of affected Americans in $2024$?

11.1\text{%} in the US, approximately $35.9 \text{ million}$ Americans.

Name three federal assistance programs for households at or below poverty levels.

Head Start, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).

What are the four components of Literacy mentioned in the notes?

Oral literacy, print literacy, numeracy, and cultural and conceptual knowledge.

How long is the critical window for early childhood development?

The first $5 \text{ years}$ of life.

What is an indicator of social cohesion in a community?

The amount of social capital a community has.

What are the features of 'Social capital'?

Social organization features such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit.

What is the definition of Access to Primary Care?

The provision of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for most personal health care needs, developing sustained partnerships.

How is 'Health Literacy' defined generally?

The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions.

In the built environment, what does 'Quality of Housing' refer to?

The physical condition of a person’s home as well as the quality of the social and physical environment where the home is located.

What did Healthy People results cause rural areas and states to become interested in?

Population health monitoring and providing background data to understand health equity issues.

What is the fundamental shift in Trauma Informed Care?

Shifting focus from 'What’s wrong with you?' to 'What happened to you?'

Define 'Cultural competence'.

The ability to work respectfully with people from diverse cultures while recognizing one's own cultural biases.

Define 'Cultural humility'.

The ability to recognize one's limitations to avoid making assumptions about other cultures.

How does documenting a patient as 'non-adherent' affect future care?

It typically influences all future interactions rather than evaluating why the patient cannot or will not adopt the treatment.

What are the primary care methodologies mentioned for OT?

PRECEDE-PROCEED and the Stages of Change (TTM).

What are 'Brief Office Interventions'?

Short, targeted interventions between patients and providers aimed at changing health behaviors like medication adherence.

What are the five steps ($5$ As) of Brief Office Interventions?

$1.$ Assess, $2.$ Advise, $3.$ Agree, $4.$ Assist, $5.$ Arrange.

What is the goal of Primary Prevention?

The prevention of the onset of disease and reducing incidence at the individual and policy level.

Give examples of Primary Prevention.

Vaccinations, condom use, lifestyle redesign, and fall prevention.

What is the goal of Secondary Prevention?

Screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages before the onset of signs and symptoms.

Give examples of Secondary Prevention screenings.

Mammography, blood pressure tests, colonoscopy, and developmental screens.

What is the goal of Tertiary Prevention?

Treatment of the disease post-diagnosis to reduce or stop disease progression and prevent further dysfunction.

Give examples of Tertiary Prevention interventions.

Chemotherapy and Rehabilitation.

How does the AOTA define 'Prevention'?

Promoting a healthy lifestyle at the individual, group, organizational, community, and governmental/policy level.

How is 'Wellness' defined in the notes?

A dynamic way of living that encompasses action, principles, and beliefs offering substantial support to increased overall health and quality of life.

What are the three core areas of Total Wellness?

Mental, social, and physical.

Define 'Personal health literacy'.

The degree to which individuals can find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions for themselves and others.

Define 'Organizational health literacy'.

The degree to which organizations equitably enable individuals to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions.

What percentage of Americans cannot read basic text according to the $2003$ NAAL?

14\text{%}.

What does the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) measure?

Adult skills in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments.

What are the three types of literacy measured by the NAAL?

Prose, Document, and Quantitative.

In NAAL, what does 'Prose literacy' involve?

Editorials, news stories, brochures.

In NAAL, what does 'Document literacy' involve?

Job applications, payroll forms, maps, drug tables.

In NAAL, what does 'Quantitative literacy' involve?

Measurement, number sense, percentages, and graphical representation.

Which populations are disproportionaly affected by low health literacy?

Older patients, low income, those who did not finish high school, non-English first speakers, and those in poverty.

What is the REALM assessment?

Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine; a word recognition test of $66 \text{ words}$ taking $2-5 \text{ minutes}$.

What is the TOFHLA assessment?

Test of Functional Health Literacy; involves prose passages and numerical questions, taking $7-22 \text{ minutes}$.

What is the Chew ($2003$) assessment?

A self-report screening using $1-3 \text{ questions}$ taking less than $3 \text{ minutes}$.

What is the 'Newest Vital Sign' (NVS)?

A health literacy screening using questions from a nutrition label, taking $3 \text{ minutes}$.

What is the 'Short Assessment of Health Literacy' (SAHL)?

A word recognition test of $18 \text{ words}$ where the patient recognizes words with related meanings.

What is the 'teach-back' technique?

An interactive communication loop where a patient repeats instructions in their own words to confirm comprehension.

What tone should a therapist use during teach-back?

A caring tone with no shame.

How should instructions be given during teach-back to improve understanding?

Using plain language and making eye contact.