Fundamentals Test Review

Discovery of x-rays, individual responsible, and date of discovery

X-rays were accidentally discovered on 11/8/1895 by Wilhelm Roentegn

What is the function of the ASRT

Practice standards, curriculum

Our professional organization

What is the function of the ARRT

National certification and registration

Credentials, code of ethics

What is the function of the JRCERT

Program specific, continuing education

What is the function of the DOH

Gives state licensure

What is the function of the Joint Commission (JCAHO)

Accredits healthcare organizations

What is the function of the ACR

Appoints board members to the ARRT, JRCERT

Brems radiation

Incoming electron decelerates, loses part of its energy, and continues off in different direction

Characteristic radiation

Inner shell electron ejected, electrons cascade down to fill empty spaces; results in an x-ray due to loss of energy

Formula 2n^2

Formula to calculate #e-'s in each orbit (Maximum number of electrons in any shell)

inverse square law formula

I1/I2 = D2^2/D1^2 The intensity of radiation is inversely related to the distance squared (as you double your distance exposure is reduced by a 4th)

4 disciplinary actions

Verbal warning

Written warning

Suspension from program

Dismissal from program

4 requirements for program completion

85% average or better

Maintain at least 2.5 GPA

Make up any missed class time

Make up any missed clinical time

4 things found in policy manual

Guidelines for declared pregnancy

Program mission and goals

Cell phone policy

Radiation safety guidelines

Projection vs. view

Projection: Path of CR

View: What the IR sees

Position

Overall posture of patient

Kinetic energy

energy due to motion

Potential energy

stored energy

Atomic number (lower number)

Z#/protons

Define photon

Discrete bundle of energy

Define electron

Negatively charged particle

Equal to protons in a stable element

Atomic mass (Higher number)

A#/nucleons (protons and neutrons)

Define neutron and how to find

Particle with no charge

atomic mass - atomic number

Define proton

Positively charged particle

Same as number of electrons in a stable element

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy

the ability to do work

Radiation occurs in air

Roentgen/gya

radiation absorbed dose

Rad/gray

Radiation dose equivalent

Sievert/Rem

Ionization

gain or loss of electrons

Steps of x-ray production

1. Source of electrons

2. Focus electrons

3. Apply potential difference (kVp)

4. Stop electrons at anode

List and define cardinal rules of safety

Time: Beam on for as little as possible

Distance: As far from source as possible

Shielding: Shield when appropriate in childbearing years

2 methods to identify a patient

Name, DOB

List different types of gonadal shields

Flat contact

Shadow

Movable

Shaped

Lens

Breast

OSLD

optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter

Our radiation monitors

Aluminum oxide chip

Film badges

Film inside that gets sent out to be read

Not routinely used

TLD

thermoluminescent dosimeter

Ring badges

Lithium fluoride chip

List 3 types of radiation monitors

OSLD, TLD, film badges

List rules to apply Pb shielding

-Child bearing years: 0-55

-Do not cover anatomy of interest

-Gonads lie within or close proximity of beam's central ray

-Do not just use lead and do sloppy work that has to be repeated

Where to wear radiation monitor

outside of apron lead apron

under: sterile gown

How much Pb should be in aprons for staff?

.5mm Pb or equivalent

How much Pb should be in glasses, thyroid shields, gloves, lead drapes, bucky slot cover?

.25mm Pb or equivalent

How much Pb should be in shielding for patients

.25mm Pb

Dose limits: occupational whole body

50 mSv (5 rem)/year

Dose limits: occupational partial body

500 mSv (50 rem)/year - hands, feet, other organs

150 mSv (15 rem)/year - lens

Dose limits: occupational embryo-fetal

5 mSv (.5 rem)/gestation

.5 mSv (.05 rem)/month

List the 4 primary exposure factors

Time, distance, kVp, mA

Identify the relationship between energy, wavelength, and frequency

High energy: high frequency, short wavelength

Low energy: low frequency, long wavelength