World History Honors Unit 7

Which historical event brings about Capitalism?

The Industrial Revolution

What is an economic system?

method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services

Industrialization

causes new economic systems because we have a new way of producing goods.

What is Laisse-Faire economics?

Economic idea that stemmed from the French economic philosphers the Enlightenment- means "let you do"

Says government regulations interfered with the production of wealth

If government allowed free trade the economy would prosper

What is Capitalism?

An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned, and money is invested in business to make a profit

Who was Adam Smith?

He wanted a free market, wrote the Book, Wealth of the Nations in 1776. "Father of Capitalism"

Three laws of economics according to Adam Smith

1) the law of self interest- people work for their own good

2) the law of competition- competition forces people to make a better product

3) the law of supply and demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet his demand in a market economy

Who was Thomas Malthus?

He was a British economist, and in 1798 wrote an Essay on the Principle of Population- argued the population was increasing more than the food supply and we would run out of food.

Who was David Ricardo?

In 1817 he wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation- believed there would always be a permanent underclass who would always be poor.

What is the Iron Law of Wages?

many workers/resources = cheap

few workers/ resources = expensive

What is the Comparative Advantage Theory?

An economy's ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower cost than its trading partners

What type of system is Socialism?

Economic and Political System

What is Collective Ownership?

under socialism, all citizens share equally in economic resources that is distributed by a democratically-elected government

Basic Ideas of Socialism

Goal: end poverty and promote equality

Public ownership of production, some private ownership

Government should control major industries: factories, mines, railroads

Government pays for welfare systems (healthcare)

Jermey Bentham

English philosopher: modified the ideas of Adam Smith, introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism

Utilitarianism

the belief that actions are right if they are useful or benefit the majority, government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Utilitarian Movement (1800s)

led by John Stuart Mill- English philosopher and economist. Believed unregulated capitalism is wrong,

What did John Stuart Mill believe in?

People should choose happiness without restrictions, more equal divisions of profits, women's rights, and reforms in the prison and educational system

Utopian Ideas

Robert Owen- British factory owner, in 1824 moved to New Harmony Indiana, and in 1825 establishes an Utopian Society, only lasts 3 years

Who were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles?

Wrote: The Communist Manifesto in 1848, argued societies have been divided into classes- causes fighting. Believed the industrial rev benefited the wealthy and believed the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself

What will happen to small artisans due to the destruction of capitalism?

Factories will drive small artisans out of business.

What will happen to the wealth in a capitalist society?

A small number of manufacturers will have the wealth.

What action will the proletariat take against capitalists?

Proletariats will revolt and take control of the factories.

What will workers do with the profits from factories after a proletariat revolt?

Workers will share the profits.

What is the goal of the proletariat in terms of economic structure?

Economic equality for all people.

What type of government will workers create after taking control?

A 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.

What type of society will be created after the proletariat takes control?

A classless society.

What is communism?

a form of socialism in which by the means of production will be owned by the government; private property does not exist, production is for basic needs, all goods and services shared equally, no social classes =economic equality, needs authoritarian government and rejects religion

What is imperialism?

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

On the Origin of a Species (1859)

Charles Darwin's book explains how species change and evolve by a process of natural selection

The Descent of a Man (1871)

Charles Darwin's book explains the theory of evolution to humans.

Herbert Spencer

Doctrine of Social Darwinism

What phrase is commonly associated with Social Darwinism?

'Survival of the Fittest'

What social concept did Social Darwinism justify?

Social classes

What type of economic policies did Social Darwinism support?

Laissez-faire social and economic policies

What imperialist ideology was justified by Social Darwinism?

Imperialism

What type of policies were supported by Social Darwinism that are related to race?

Racist policies

What time frame did Old Imperialism take place in?

1500's-1600's

What countries were leading powers in Old Imperialism?

Spain, Portugal, France, and Britain

What was the process used in Old Imperialism?

Seize land through force and settle it with Europeans or establish trading posts

What was the goal of Old Imperialism?

exploit resources and gain land to settle; "God, gold, and glory"

What is the time frame of New Imperialism?

1800's

What countries were the leading powers in New Imperialism?

Britiain, France, and Germany

What was the process used in New Imperialism?

Invest capital to develop mines, agriculture, and infrastructure, (railroads, telegraphs, etc.), land controlled through "negotiation" and force

What were the goals of New Imperialism?

economic, cultural, political, moral, and exploratory control

Reasons for New Imperialism

Economic, Exploratory, Political, Ideological, and Religious

Reasons for Imperialism- economic

the desire to make profits, increase trade, create new markets for manufactured goods, acquire raw materials, acquire cheap materials

Reasons for Imperialism- exploratory

the desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, conduct scientific research, go on an adventure, investigate "unknown" lands and cultures

Reasons for Imperialism- political

the desire to compete with other European countries, amass more territory than its rivals, gain prestige by suggesting other countries were inferior, boost national pride, and increase security by establishing military bases

Reasons for Imperialism- ideological

the belief that one race was superior to the other, it was the "duty" of Europeans to bring their culture to "less developed" regions, and only the strongest nations will thrive

Reasons for Imperialism- Religious

The desire to spread Christianity and spread European values and moral beliefs through missionary activity

What did growing industries need?

Needed more materials and larger markets (more people to sell to)

Resources Africa was rich in:

Rubber, ivory, copper, gold, cotton, etc.

Quinine

Medication used to treat Malaria

Breechloaders

the replacement of muzzle loading guns

Submarine Telegraph Cables

The African Transcontinental Telegraph Company was formed to compete the communication connection between Africa (Colonial Territory) and Britain

What are the forms of Imperialism?

Direct rule, indirect rule, protectorate, and sphere of influence

Direct Rule

Colonial power bring in their own officials and soldiers to administer and rule colonies

Indirect Rule

Colonial power rules through cooperation with local/native ruler or rulers giving area limited self rule and may keep some local rules based on European style

Protectorate

Local rulers were left in place with its own internal government, but under the control of a colonial Power who gave advice to be followed such as trade, economics, industries, and missionary activity

Sphere of Influence

An area of a country in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or control on production and trading privileges to prevent conflict with other powers, as seen in China

Who led the Berlin Conference?

Otto von Bismarck

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

Divide up continent for colonization and avoid conflicts between European nations

Was there respect for previous boundaries or African representation at the Conference?

No

Who took control of the Congo?

King Leopold II of Belgium

What did King Leopold II come to do?

He claimed to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity

What was the reality of King Leopold II in the Congo ?

He exploited the Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants. 12 million died from abuses

In 1879 the British occupied

Natal and Zululand in South Africa

Where did Zulu miners work?

British Diamond Mines

Zulu raised an army of how many men to resist British rule?

40,000 men

Did the Zulu army defeat the British?

No, they surrendered and the British annexed Natal and Zululand

What were the dates of the Boer War?

1899-1902

Who were the first to settle South Africa?

The Dutch

What was discovered in South Africa?

Diamonds

What did the British fight with the Dutch over?

They fought over land and slaves

Did the Boers revolt against the British? Were they successful?

Yes, they revolted but they were unsuccessful.

What happened to the Boer farms?

They were burned

Where were the Boer women and children put?

Disease ridden concentration camps

How many people died in the Concentration camps?

26,000

Where were Black South Africans put?

Concentration camps

How many Black South Africans died?

28,000

What is the title of the 1899 novel published by Joseph Conrad?

Heart of Darkness

Who is the main character in Heart of Darkness?

Charles Marlow

What is Charles Marlow's occupation in Heart of Darkness?

Steamboat captain

In which location does Heart of Darkness primarily take place?

The Congo

What themes are explored in Heart of Darkness?

Racism and colonialism

China followed what policy for hundreds of years?

Isolation

Why did Britain sell opium to China?

To get China's tea

What is Opium?

a habit-forming narcotic made from the poppy plant

What is the medical use for Opium?

to relieve pain

British merchants smuggled opium into china for medical or nonmedical use?

nonmedical

By 1835 how many Chinese were addicted to Opium?

12 million

What was the cause of the Opium war?

The Emperor refused to let England sell Opium

Where were most battles in the Opium war fought?

At sea

Why was this a problem for China?

They had outdated ships, and Britain had an excellent navy

How did the Opium war end?

Treaty of Nanking

What did the Treaty of Nanking do?

forced China to open 5 ports and to cede Hong Kong to Britain

Who did the poor peasants and workers resent?

Foreigners and Chinese Christians

These poor workers formed a society called?

"Society of Righteous and Harmonious fists" or the boxers

Where did the boxers seize?

Beijing