APUSH Exam Review - TP 6 (GILDED AGE)

1865–1898; industrial revolution/gilded age, more native oppression, immigration, and beginnings of progressivism

What is the span of the “Gilded Age” period (TP 6)?

1865-1898

Homestead Act

law that authorized Congress to grant 160 acres to western settlers if they lived there for five years

motivated western movement

Reasons to move west

railroad

gold/silver

land (homestead act)

independence/freedom

ranching

Problems farming Great Plains

little rain and less timber

*DIRT NOT SOIL

too much $ on farm machines so women had to do hard labor

Cowboys (vaqueros) and cattle kingdom

conducted cattle drives and became a symbol of freedom on the open range

in reality, they were low paid wage workers and eventually faded as more farmers enclosed their pastures

after 2 winters killed off a lot of cattle, the kingdom ended

Chinese immigration

used to be only unattached men; now entire families

¾ of chinese americans lived in California as farm workers

others worked in mines, households, and factories

O. O. Howard and the Nez Perce

howard was a former commissioner of the freedman’s bureau

chased the next percent tribe and their leader chief joseph 1700 miles across the west; they were trying to escape to Canada from oregon

Howard caught up and forced them to OK and eventually WA

Battle of Little Bighorn

most famous indian victory and most famous battle of the great sioux war

combined sioux and cheyenne indians massacred the outnumbered George Custer’s US cavalry

Custer’s last stand

led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Indian Appropriation Act

ended the treaty system under which the federal government negotiated agreements with Natives as if they were independent nations

Bureau of Indian Affairs

established boarding schools; indian children were taken from tribes, given new names, dressed in non-indian clothes and educated in white ways

Dawes Act

divided tribal land into several small plots

gave some land to natives but most were sold to white farmers

it was meant to encourage assimilation but ended up being a huge lost of native land

Elk v Wilkins

ruled that the 14 and 15 amendments didn’t apply to native americans

Ghost Dance

spiritual and political movement in native Americans who performed a ceremonial “ghost dance” to connect to the living and the dead and make the indians bulletproof in battles to restore their homeland

marked a huge resistance to white assimilation

Wounded Knee Massacre

last incident of Indian wars in the Dakota territory

the US cavalry killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children

“New South”

a prosperous south that was democratic, industrial, urban, and free of nostalgia from the defeated plantation south

Booker T Washington

black educator at the Tuskegee institute

advocated for economic success over fighting for political rights

gave the atlanta speech where he advised not fighting segregation

believed employers wanted obedient blacks over unionized whites

Disenfranchisement (including "grandfather clause")

Southern governments created things like poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting, since many were poor and didn’t have the education to pass the tests. Many of the tests also had skewed results, as graders would hang onto technicalities or even blatantly mark it wrong.

However, these prevented many poor, uneducated whites from voting. They instituted the grandfather clause, which stated if someone’s ancestors had voted before the Civil War, they could also vote. Since no African American had been able to vote, this didn’t apply to any blacks.

Plessy v. Ferguson

“separate but equal”

-overturned by brown v board

Segregation

separation based on race

promoted white domination

also affected Chinese

Lynching

people were accused of a crime but were murdered by mobs before trial

law enforcement didn’t intervene (sometimes fueled the lynching process)

most occurred when black males were accused of violating white women

Second Industrial Revolution

caused by abundant natural resources, a ground market for manufactured goods, and government promotion of industry

New technology in the late 1800s

atlantic cable (telegraph overseas), telephone, typerwriter, handheld camera,

Edison’s inventions: light bulb, phonograph, motion picture, generation of electricity

Pools and Trusts

pools divided markets between rival companies and fixed prices,

*dividing the market

this established trusts, where companies combined to limit competition. They were managed by a single director

*separate companies w/ same policies because all under one board/director

Andrew Carnegie

Steel giant in Pennsylvania

Practiced philanthropy (he created libraries and science labs around the country)

Feuded with Rockefeller and Morgan

J.P. Morgan

Electricity giant who was also into banking

Feuded but sometimes collaborated with Carnegie and Rockefeller

John D Rockefeller

Oil giant in New YOrk

Feuded with Carnegie and Morgan

Vertical integration

Owning everything used to make the product

(ie owning iron mines, trains to transport it, factories to smelt it into steel, and stores to sell that steel)

Ensured the owner would get all the profit and not have to pay someone else to get stuff to make a product

Horizontal expansion

Owning all competing companies in an industry

(ie Rockefeller bought out every other oil company so he was one of the only ones left)

Ensured that the owner would get all the profit and not have to share customers with competition

Robber barons

gilded age industrial figures (Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller)

“Gilded Age” (meaning of the term)

characterized by rapidly expanding economic growth

rich got richer and poor got poorer

technical skill over ownership of own shop

*nice facade but corruption underneath

Social Darwinism

evolution in society was natural

survival of the fittest

the rich would get richer, because they earned it

no government involvement.

Lochner v. New York

voided the law establishing 10 hrs/day and 60 hrs/week in New York

a notorious laissez-faire policy

Social Gospel

freedom and spiritual self-development lead to equilibration of wealth

against competition

Knights of Labor

first national union that only lasted into the 1890s

supplanted by the AFL

Haymarket Affair

violence during an anarchist protests in Chicago; many participants were immigrants

the police and the rich were afraid of socialists/anarchists, and so the police killed 8 people

someone threw a bomb on the protest (which was a response to the first deaths)

Coxey’s Army

wanted to abandon the gold standard in favor of printed money

participated in violent marches

Pullman Strikes

protested a reduction in wages in Illinois’ Pullman railcar factory

railroad workers refused to work with Pullman cars because of their friends in the factory

Eugene Debs

president of union

founding member of IWW

ran for president in socialist party a few times

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

major place of labor reform

skilled workers had restrictions

founded by Samuel Gompers, who was against unions and for negotiation

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WTCU)

wanted to Christianize the government

temperance=no alcohol

largest women’s group of the time

“New Immigrants”

wave of newcomers from eastern europe

many were Jews

described as a lower level of civilization

Immigration Restriction League

called for reduced immigration

wanted a literacy test for immigrants

blamed problems on immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

halted Chinese immigration

eventually all Chinese were required to register w/ the government and carry ID papers with photos

Chinese faced a lot of discrimination

Chinese court cases

US v Wong Kim Ark (1898)- extended 14th amendment rights to Chinese Americans born on American soil; also allowed Congress to set racial restrictions on immigration

Fong Yue Ting v US (1893)- authorized government to deport Chinese aliens without due process; set a precedent for banning anarchists from entering US

Jane Addams and Hull House

daughter of an Illinois businessman who founded a settlement house to provide services to poor immigrants

inspired reforms

Tweed Ring/Tammany Hall (political machines) and credit mobilier scandal

-political machines would fraud and graft $ from the city in order to fund public services to help immigrants

this made the immigrants want to vote for them so they’d get nice government jobs

Boss Tweed was in charge of Tammany Hall, a political machine in NYC

-Credit Mobilier: Union Pacific Railroad stockholders oversaw government-assisted construction and signed contracts with themselves for huge profits and bribed politicians to look the other way

Politics of dead center

Both parties agreed on almost everything, making it easy to pass legislation

*did disagree on tariffs

republican economic policy

Support tariffs

reduced federal spending to decrease debt

withdraw paper money

Democratic economic policy

Opposed to tariff

They were close with the bankers and financiers

interstate commerce commission

Regulated railroad rates to curb abuse and maintain equality between customers

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Restricted monopolies and trusts but was vague and weak so it proved largely unsuccessful

established a precedent for the government to regulate the economy

“Grange”

Farmers organization to defend members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads

Established cooperatives, which were businesses owned and run by farmers to save on costs charged by middlemen

Wanted to make it illegal for railroads to fix prices

Homestead PA strikes

At Carnegie’s steel factory

Carnegie only allowed non-union members and in response workers blocked the mills

On July 6, 1892 armed strikers attacked private policemen from Pinkerton

demonstrated that unions and public opinion didn’t affect large corporations

Farmer’s alliance

Farmers wanted the government to establish storehouses for crops to independence on bankers and merchants

Crops would be collateral and government would give farmers loans

Populism/populist party + platform + ideals

It was a reformed party that spoke to the producing class at farmers minor factory workers

They wanted the frequent of silver income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads and direct election of senators alongside a list of proposals to restore democracy and economic opportunities to solve political corruption and economic inequality

some populists wanted to unite, black-and-white farmers others didn’t differ much from their southern neighbors

They approved extending the vote and expanding new jobs for women

Most mostly appeal to laborers and urban workers who generally voted Republican

William Jennings Bryan

Congressman from Nebraska, who won the Democratic nomination because he was well liked by the people

Very religious

When an unrestricted minting of silver money

Election of 1896

William McKinley versus William Jennings Bryan

The first expensive campaign

McKinley was bankrolled by some of the industry giants and because of that he won (he would be more lenient in regulation towards them compared to labor advocate Bryan)

The south and west voted for Bryan, but the northeast and Midwest voted for McKinley and since the northeast and Midwest were more populated, McKinley won

Emergence of a middle class

Since the immigrants were doing all the hard work, there were a new class. The middle class had a lot more time and money and they spent it on shopping and movies and going to the park and anything leisurely