2SMT: Pedia 1

High risk newborns

Incidence of illness and death

Due to prema/dys/posturity, congenital anomalies, birth complications

Central cyanosis

Low arterial oxygen due to heart or lung disease

Indicates systemic oxygenation, urgent evaluation

Lips, tongue, face, mucous membrane

Peripheral cyanosis

Reduced blood flow/increased oxygen extraction in peripheral tissues

Resolves with warming or improved circulation

Acrocyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the extremities

Needs warmth

Occulta

Most people never become aware of their condition

By xray or scan

Least serious and most common

Meningocele

Covering of spinal cord pass back through the opening

Forms cyst-like swelling

Myelomeningocele

Spinal cord enclosed in the cyst

Most serious type

Choanal atresia

Narrowing or complete blockage of nasal passage

Due to abnormal tissue formation

Coloboma

Eye defect

Normal tissue in/around the eye is missing at birth

Keyhole or cat-eye appearance

Moro reflex

Best index of CNS integrity

Absent=brain damage/injury

Excessive mucus/drooling

Danger sign of congenital defect

Esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal atresia

Spina bifida

Sac or dimpling at the lower back over the lumbar region

Intussusception

Part of intestine slides into adjacent section

Telescope folding

Common in children under 3yo

Medical emergency

Signs and symptoms of intusseption

Classic triad

Severe, intermittent abdominal pain

Vomiting

Currant jelly stool

Enema

Treatment for intussuception, if not surgery

Hirschsprung disease

Nerve cells (ganglion) are missing in large intestines

Symptoms of hirschsprung disease

Failure to pass stool within 48hours after birth

Swollen belly

Green/brown vomit

Constipation/ difficulty feeding

Rectal biopsy

Confirms absence of ganglion cells

Contrast enema

Shows narrowed and dilated bowel segments

Anorecta manometry

Measures muscle response in the rectum

Neonatal jaundice

Yellowing of skin and eyes

Elevated bilirubin levels

Immature liver functions

Kernicterus

Bilirubin rises excessively

Irreversible brain damage

Meconium

First stool

Sometimes released in utero due to fetal stress or maturity

Caput succedaneum

Located above the periosteum

Cone-shaped appearance

Cephalhematoma

Presence of blood between periosteum and flat bones

Intracranial hemorrhage

Bleeding within brain tissue

Surrounding spaces of newborn

Intraventricular hemorrhage

Bleeding in brain ventricles

Subdural hemorrhage

Bleeding between dura mater and brain surface

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Bleeding into subarachnoid space

Parenchymal hemorrhage

Bleeding directly into brain tissue

Perinatal asphyxia

Lack of oxygen during birth

Bells palsy (facial)

7th cranial nerve

Unilateral, lower motor neuron facial paralysis

Linked to viral inflammation

Lagophtalmos

Inability to close eye

Hyperacusis

Sensitivity to sound

Prednisone

Medication for bells palsy

Brachial nerve paralysis

Damage to network of nerves that control movement and sensation in shoulder, arm, hand

34-36

Late preterm

32-34

Moderately preterm

<32 weeks

Very preterm

<28 weeks

Extremely preterm

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to body

Neonatal sepsis

Systemic infection within 28 days

Neonatal pneumonia

Lung infection in newborns

Hypocalcemia

Low serum calcium levels in infants and children