Ap Human Final Review

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Coinciding with the Industrial Revolution; improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Began in the 1960s, included the development of higher-yielding grains and the expansion of their cultivation.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Plantation Agriculture

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Slash-and-burn agriculture

A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops.

Rural

Relating to farm areas and life in the country.

Urban

Relating to a city.

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service.

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.

Uneven Development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Human Development Index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

Gender Inequality Index

A composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower cost than another country.

Growth Pole

The concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries.

Just-In-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

Ecotourism

Tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve the environment.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Secondary Sector

The secondary sector of the economy involves processing raw materials into finished goods.

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

New Urbanism

A planning and development approach based on the principles of walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, sustainable development, and place-making.

Von Thunen Model Purpose

Explains and predicts agricultural land use patterns based on transportation costs and land rent, with the goal of maximizing profits.

Northeastern US Specialization (Von Thunen)

Specializes in market gardening due to its proximity to large urban markets, resulting in lower transportation costs and higher profits for perishable goods.

First Agricultural Revolution

Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agriculture, marked by domestication of plants and animals.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Increased agricultural productivity through advancements like crop rotation, mechanization, and improved breeding techniques.

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

Introduction of high-yield crop varieties, fertilizers, and pesticides to increase food production, especially in developing countries.

Slash and Burn Agriculture Climate

Practiced in tropical climate regions.

Slash and Burn Agriculture Impacts

Deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity are major impacts.

Factors Determining Manufacturing Locations

Market (M), Raw Materials (R1, R2), and minimizing transportation costs are critical.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products. Locating near inputs is optimal.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more than the inputs. Locating near the market is optimal.

Rationale for locating an auto assembly plant near the market.

Auto assembly plants are located near the market because they are bulk-gaining industries; final products are costlier to transport than inputs.

Core Countries

High-income countries with advanced economies and high levels of industrialization (e.g., USA).

Periphery Countries

Low-income countries with less developed economies, often reliant on exporting raw materials (e.g., Africa).

Semi-Periphery Countries

Countries with characteristics of both core and periphery, often newly industrialized (e.g., BRICS nations).

Self-Sufficiency Model

Focuses on domestic production and protectionist policies to promote internal growth. Limits international trade.

Rostow's International Trade Approach

Emphasizes exporting raw materials for economic growth and development through global trade.

Core-Periphery Model

Describes the unequal relationship between developed (core) and developing (periphery) countries, where core countries exploit periphery countries for resources and labor.

Core Regions

Include North America, Europe, and Japan, characterized by high-profit consumption goods.

Semi-Periphery Regions

Include BRICS nations, characterized by cheap labor and raw materials.

Periphery Regions

Include parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, characterized by raw materials.

Productivity

Output per hour worked

Location of most of the United States and Canadian population

Urban areas.

Smart Growth Definition

Urban planning approach that focuses on sustainable development, mixed-use zoning, and walkable neighborhoods to reduce urban sprawl.

Bid-Rent Theory

Land value decreases with distance from the central business district (CBD).

More Developed Countries

Have a more productive labor force due to technology and education.

Urban Areas Location

Located near geographic features such as rivers, coastlines, or natural resources.

Global Region with Largest Number of Urban Residents

Asia.

Sprawl

The expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, car-dependent communities

Agriculture in More Developed Countries (MDCs)

Characterized by large scale, lower percentage of population in the primary sector, advanced tools and technology, and higher income levels.

Agriculture in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

Characterized by small scale, higher percentage of population in the primary sector, basic tools and technology, and lower income levels.