Bio Finals Prep

observation

a statement based on what you see, smell, hear, touch, or taste

inference

a guess you make, based on information you know

What are the 6 characteristics of living things?

having cells, using energy, growing and developing over time, reproduction, responding to environment, do homeostasis

homeostasis

maintaining balance (sweat, fever)

hypothesis

clear, specific, testable, and falsifiable prediction

What makes up an experiment?

variables

procedure

materials

experimental group

collection of data

data analysis

conclusion

independent variable

what the researcher is changing or manipulating

dependent variable

what you measure; result of independent variable changing

controlled variable

factor that remains unchanged

experimental group

the ones that are being tested on; receiving treatment

control group

the group that isn’t treated; doesn’t receive treatment

data collection

gathering information about hypothesis

data analysis

interpret/understanding data to see if hypothesis is true or false

conclusion

summary of results and what they mean

prokaryotic

do NOT have a nucleus

eukaryotic

DO have a nucleus, evolved from prokaryotes

What do all cells have?

cell membranes - semi permeable barrier

genetic material - blueprints for cell (DNA)

cytoplasm - fluid that fills cells - made of water, salt, proteins, and other molecules

ribosomes - tiny little structures in a cell that make proteins for the cytoplasm

nucleus

circular organ that holds genetic material

command center of cell

Membrane Bound Organelle

have their own “skin” around the organelle

ex. nucleus

Non-Membrane Bound

no membrane

phospholipid layer

membranes are made of 2 layers of molecules: phospholipids

phospholipids

have heads and tails

head - phosphorus is hydropholic (water-loving)

tails - fats (lipids) hydrophobic (hate water)

intracellular

inside cell

extracellular

outside the cell

mitochondria

POWERHOUSE of the cell

produce molecules that the cells use for energy (ATP)

endoplasmic reticulum

highway in a cell

smooth ER - makes lipids

rough ER - assemble proteins

golgi body

sorts, packages, and sends proteins to be used inside and outside of the cell

lysosome

destroys old/damaged organelles, viruses, and bacteria

vacuoles

capture materials

animal cell vacuoles - capture waste

plant cell vacuoles - capture/store water

peroxisomes

breakdown hydrogen peroxide and a variety of materials and get rid of them

cell walls

layers around the cell, surrounding cell membrane

give cell structure to hold a shape

plant cells ONLY, not in animal cells

tissue

similar cells working together to do a specific function

organ

different tissues working together to do a function

atoms

building blocks of everything

elements

1 single type of atom

proton

particle with positive charge p+

neutron

particle with neutral charge n0

electron

particle with negative charge e-

cations

positive ions

anions

negative ions

ionic bonds

two ions stuck together

positive ion bonds with negative ion'

strongest bond

covalent bonds

two atoms share a pair of electrons

not as strong as ionic bonded molecules

hydrogen bonds

form when positive end of a molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule

What are the 8 properties of water?

cohesion - when one water molecule sticks to another water molecule

adhesion - when one water molecule sticks to another

surface tension - when water molecules on the surface form a net

universal solvent - can dissolve other substances

high specific heat - takes a long time to heat or cool water

heat of vaporization - takes a fair amount of energy for water to go from liquid to gas

less dense in solid form - water is less dense in solid form than in liquid form

evaporative cooling

water goes from liquid to gas taking energy with it

biomolecules

molecules that are necessary for all living things

4 types of biomolecules

made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbohydrate

sugar, starch, fiber

quick source of energy

biomolecule

Lipids - “Fat”

make up cell membranes, oil, waxes,

biomolecule

Lipids store energy, protect organs, and regulate hormones

Without lipids, you couldn’t survive

Proteins

made of amino acids

Proteins make up muscle tissue

biomolecule

Nucleic Acid

RNA and DNA - building blocks of genetic information

make codes to build proteins and organelles

biomolecules

Enzymes

speed up reactions in your body

substrate

molecules that react with the enzyme to form something new

passive transport

does NOT require energy to move something across the cell membrane

diffusion

when molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration

passive transport

active transport

energy required to move something across cell membrane

low to high concentration

osmosis

water diffusing across the cell membrane

water moves from high to low concentration

passive transport

hypertonic

many solutes on the outside of the cell

hypotonic

less solute molecules on the outside of the cell

isotonic

equal amount of solute molecules