Biology Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary from Units 5-8.

Evolution

The process by which populations of organisms change over time.

Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Homologous Structures

Structures in different species that have a similar underlying anatomy due to shared ancestry, but may have different functions.

Analogous Structures

Structures in different species that have similar functions but have evolved independently and do not share a recent common ancestor.

Natural Selection

A mechanism of evolution where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Behavioral Isolation

Differences in reproductive behaviors that prevent interbreeding between populations.

Geographic Isolation

Separation of populations by geographic barriers, leading to reproductive isolation and potentially speciation.

Temporal Isolation

Populations evolve at different times.

Coevolution

Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection.

Convergent Evolution

The independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages due to similar environmental pressures.

Divergent Evolution

The evolutionary process by which related populations evolve different traits, often due to different environments.

Vestigial Structures

Structures in an organism that have lost their original function in the course of evolution.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen as a byproduct.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

Bryophyta

Nonvascular plants including mosses.

Angiosperms

Vascular plants that have seeds inside a protective chamber.

Pterophyta

Seedless vascular plants including ferns.

Gymnosperms

Vascular plants with exposed seeds, such as cones.

Cones

Reproductive structures where seeds develop.

Vascular Tissues

Plant tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Thigmotropism

A plant's response to touch.

Phototropism

A plant's response to light.

Gravitropism

A plant's response to gravity.

Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Animal Characteristics

Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile, sexual reproduction.

Cephalization

Concentration of sense organs on the front of the body .

Homeostasis

Equal amount of substances.

Positive Feedback

Adds onto the change & feeds H (labor).

Negative Feedback

Wants to stay constant (temperature).

Villi

increase surface area, absorbs more nutrients.

Producers (Autotroph)

Make their own food.

Consumers

Eat other organisms.

Herbivores

Eat plants.

Carnivores

Eats meat.

Decomposers

Dead animals (mushrooms).

Food Web

Show all food chains in an ecosystem.

Food Chain

Show 1 line of consumers.

Mutualism

Relationship that helps both organisms.

Parasitism

Relationship that helps one and hurts the other.

Commensalism

Relationship that helps one and is neutral for the other.

Predation

Animals eating/preying on each other.

Carrying Capacity

It refers to the amount of organisms an ecosystem can sustain. Important because it prevents competition.