schizorpenia paper 3

what is positive symptons

are those which are an addiction to the individuals behaviour hallunctiations delusions speech

adds on to behaviour- delousions and speech

what are the positives symptoms

delusions- it is a distorted belief the individual does not feel in control of their own thoughts and feelings

halluncation - voices that do not exist but feel real to the person hearing them

disorganised speech- confused and muddled sentences the patient slips between topics mid sentences

negative symptoms

involves loses of emotion interest pleasure

takes away something - motivation, emotions

what are the negative symptons

speech poverty- reduction in the amount and quality of speech in schizorphenia the person will speak infrequently when they speak the speech lacks fluency

avolition - the symptons a self initiated reduction of interests and desires as well as an inability to initate and persistent in goal directed behaviour

what its the dopamine hypothesis

hyperdopaminergia in the sub cortex- claims high levels in the neurotransmitter dopamine in the sub cortex (mesoblic pathway) are associated with the positive symptoms of schizorephnia

postive symptons are associated with an excess of domapine in the sub cortex

and negative symptom are associated with decreased levels of dopamine in the pre frontal cortex

research in dopamine

lindstrone et al found chemicals need to produce dopamine are taken up faster in the brains of schizophrenia that control, thus supports that shizorphenics produce more dopamine which could be influencing their symptons

what neural correlations

are measurements of the structure or function of the brain that correlate with an experience

neural correlations of negative symptoms

avolition involves in the loss of motivation motivation involves the anticipation of a rewards and the ventral stratum is believed to be involved in this anticipation therefore abnormality of areas like the ventral stratum may be involved in the development of avolition

they found a negative correlation between activity levels in the ventral stratum and the severity of negative symptons

neural correlations postive symptoms

reduced activity in the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus are. a neural correlate of auditory hallucinations

lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus were found in the hallucination group who also made more errors than the control this shoes neural correlation with positive symptoms

evaluation of dopamine effect positive effect

research support- family studies gottesman- shows the risk increases with genetic similarity too a family member with schizorphenia- high internal validity allows us to explain causes of schizorpehnia this shows that some people are more vunerable to schizophrenia as a result of the genetic makeup

negative effect of dopamine effect

one limitations of the genetic explanation is there is clear evidence to show that environmental factors also increase risk of developing schizophrenia these factors are biological and pyscological — biological risk are THC and smoking canabis in teenage years»pyschological is child hood trauma»this mean genetic factors alone cannot provide a complete explanation for schizophrenia

one limitations is there his evidence for a central role of glutamate — post martens and live scans studies have consistently found raised levels of the neurotransmitter glatumate in several brain regions of people with schizophrenia —this means that an equally strong case can be made for a role in neurotransmitter which decreases validity

typical antipsychotics

(traditional, first generation)

around since 1950’s

drug; chlorpromazine

taken as a tablet , syrup or injections

if taken orally max 1000mg intial doses are much smaller and gradually increases

most patients are 400-800mg

acts as dopamine antagonist - opposite effect of the neurotransmitter they t reduce dopamine they Block dopamine recptors in the synapse which reduces then action of dopamine

when are the drugs atypical and typical drugs used

used in short term and long term some can take short course, then stop with no return of symptoms others take them long term

atypical antipsychotics?

1970s

newer drugs maintain effectiveness and to minimise side effects, not all of these drugs work in the same day

what are the two drugs used in a typical antipsychotic

clozapine and risperidone

what does clozapine do

clozapine- developed in 60s and trailed in 70s discovered in the 80s to be more effective then typical drugs daily dosages 300-450mg a day binds dopamine receptors and also seretionin and glutamate receptors-helps improve mood and reduce depression-may improve cognitive functioning

what does risperidone do

risperidone- developed in 90s to reduce side effects of clozapine but be as effective taken in a tablet syrup or injections has that lasts for 2 week small doses given not begin with and then increased up to 4-8 mg and max 12mg per day

binds dopamine and seretonin recpetors binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine effective in smaller doses and fewer side effects

evaluation of drug therapy positives?

for both drugs- thornily et all reviewed studies comparing participants taken chlorpromazine to a control group taking a placebo , taking it was associated with better overall functioning and reducing sympton severity

negatives of drug therapy

our Morden day understanding of the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia suggests the drug shouldn’t work , psychologist understand low and high dopamine levels in different areas of the brain are associated with various symptoms of schizorpehnia if the drug is just lowering dopamine levels this suggest they shouldn’t work with the cases of schiorpenia

ethical rights are broken- the drugs are used to make patients calm and make them easier for staff to work with rather then benefits of the actual patient this was recommend by the (NICE) but some see this as breach of ethical issues as drugs are not being used for theruaptic and curing value

what are psychological explanations

family dsyfunction, , cognitive explanations

family dysfunctions the 2 components

double bind theory and expressed emotions

what is double bind theory

children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia for example if the mother tells her son she loves him but looks at him in disgust the child receives two conflicting messages about their relationship

the child may feel like he cannot seek calrifaction or comment on the unfairness of situation

what is expressed emotions

is when a family communication style in which members of the family persiently exhibit criticism and hostility towards a recovering shizriopehnic after returning home from a period in hospital following a psychotic episode which can lead to a relapse

EE contains 3 elements - verbal critcsm of the patient occasionally accompanied by violence

hostility towards the patient including anger and rejection

emotional over involvement in the life of the patient

positive evaluation of family dysfunction

practical applications- if we know what factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia then families can be given support- when patient returns from the house diagnosed with schizophrenia that could give support at home in order to limit the amount of expressed emotions

negatives of family dysfunction

ignores role of biology - genetics have been found to influence schizophrenia with children more at risk if both parents have the disorder therefore family dysfunction can not be the sole purpose

indidvudal differences - patients who live in a high EE families relaspe and not all patients who live in low EE homes avoid relapse this shows that not all patients are equally vulnerable to high levels of expressed emotion within the family environment so we need to consider other factors such as unemployment

cognitve explanations

is one which focuses on the role of mental processes

schizorpehnia is characterised by disruption to normal thought processing

reducing processes in the ventral stratum is associated with negative symptons and reducing in the temporal and cingulate gyri are associated with hallucinations positive symptons

what are the 2 cogntive explanations in Christopher frith et al

meta presentation

central control

what is meta presentation

is the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour this allows us insight into our intentions and goals

it also allow us to interpret actions of other

a dysfunction in meta presentation will disrupt our ability to recognise our own actions and thoughts these explain these explain halluncinations

what is central control

the ability to suppress automatic responses while we perform delibrate actions isntead

disorganised speech and thought disorder could result from the inability to supress automatically thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts

what are the 3 types of schizrophenia

catonic schizorphenia

hebephrenic schizophrenic

paranoid schizophrenia

what is catonic schizophrenia

disturbance in motor behaviour for example

lack of movement

difficult maintaining posture

inability to move

what is paranoid schizophrenia

delusions - paranoia-believing someone someone out to get you

hallucination- sensory seeing things

auditory halluncaitions- hears voices

hebeprehnic schizorpehnia

disorganised thinking and speaking- difficulty organising thoughts

disorgansied behaviour- struggle with everyday tasks

classification of schizophrenia

icd10- 2 or more negative symptom- avolition-speech poverty

DSM - one postive symptom - hallucinations- delusions

reliability

consistency

inter rate reliability

different diagnosing clinicals reach the same diagnosis for same individual

test restest realibity

same clinical reaches the same diagnosis for the same individual one two occasions

co-morbility rate

an occurrence of two disorders or conditions together

-eg schizophrenia and personality disorder

symptom overlap

two or more conditions share symptoms

token economy

desirable behaviours that is encourage through operant conditioning (it can be negative and positive) people are giving token if there engage in desirable behaviours

what is negative reinforcement

when they don’t behaviour right there token gets taken away

what’s postive reinforcement

token given when they do desirable behaviour

secondary reinforcers

tokens

primary reinforcers

are the gifts you get foe behaving such as extra meal, more outside time,

what is the interactionist approach

is the biosocial approach

it acknowledges that there are biological psychological and social factors in the development of schizophrenia

what do they use in the interactionist approach

diathesis stress model

what is the diatheses stress model

diathesis means vunrelibilty

stress means trigger

both of which are necessary for thew onset of schizophrenia in early versions of DSM vulnerability was genetic and triggers were pyschological

now days both genes and trauma are seen as diatheses and stress can be psychological and biological

what is the MEEHl’s model

dithaesis - (venerability) was entirely genetic - results of a single schizogene -which led to the idea of biolifcally based schixotypic personality oner charactrristc of which is sensitive to stress

shchizophrenogenic mother- could cause schizogene- could result in the dvelepoemnt of this schizproenia

modern understanding of diathesis

it is now clear that genes each appear to increase genetic vunrelbilty only slightly there is no single schizogene

modern day views include a range of factors like genetic psychological trauma

Morden da