evolution

where does evolution occur?

only in populations (not indivuals )

what is all the members of one species in one place ?

population

how to know two organisms belong to the same species ?

if they can intebreed and produce fetile offspring

What percent of all organisms are now extinct?

99%

What is transitional fossil between dinosaurs and modern birds?

Archaeopteryx

Organisms that have a common ancestor will have common ______?

Biological pathways

Similarities in embryo are evidence of ____?

Common ancestory

What was name of supercontinent?

Pangaea

What type of structure if they have same function and different structure ?

Analogous structure

What type of evolution if they have different ancestory ?

Convergent evolution

What type of structure if they have different function but same structure?

Homologous structure

What type of evolution if they have same ancestory ?

Divergent evolution

What is a body structure that was useful to ancestors but useless now?

Vestigial structure

What is the heterotroph hypothesis?

The first cells were anaerobic, prokaryote(no nucleus ), and heterotrophic

What is the evidence to theory of endosymbiosis?

That chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA

How old is the earth ?

4.6 billion

When did the first eukaryotic cell evolve?

1.5 billion years ago

When did the first prokaryotic cells evolve ?

3.5 billion years ago

Write the evolution of vertebrates by order?

1) fish

2)amphibians

3)reptiles

4)mammals

5)birds

what is the hypothesis that suggests life arose gradually from inorganic molecules ?

Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

which scientists mimiced the early atmosphere ?

Urey and Miller

what did ancient atmosphere consist of ?

CH4(methane)

NH3(ammonia)

water

hydrogen gas

(no free oxygen )

what provided energy for chemical reactions that producedfirst cell?

intense heat, lightning, and UV radiation in primative atmosphere

what is the theory that held that living creatures can arise from non-living matter?

spontaneous generation

who concluded that the flies laid eggs on the meat in open jar caused by maggots?

Francesco Redi

who boiled a meat broth in a swan neck flask?

louis pasteur

what was the theory that states that organisms descend from a common ancestor gradually ?and who stated it?

Gradualism / Darwin

who proposed theory of punctuated equilibrium?

Gould and Eldridge

what theory relied on ideas of inheritance of acquired traits and who said it ?

theory of Use and Disuse by Lamarck

which scientist cut the tails of rats to prove Lamarck’s theory wrong?

Weismann

what points does darwin’s theory of evolution (natural selection) include?

1)oveproduction

2)variation

3)struggle for existance

4)survival of the fittest

what is the raw material of evolution?

variation

according to theory of natural selection, who are the fittest ?

organisms that can survive and reproduce

what are the three types of natural selection?

1)directional

2)stabilizing

3)disruptive

what is the natural selection in favour of a single extreme phenotype?

directional selection

what type of selection in which the genetic diversity decreases ?

stabilizing selection

what is the selection in which both extreme phenotypes are favoured over intemediate values?

disruptive/diversifying selection

what are the causes of variation in a population?

1)mutation

2)genetic drift

3)gene flow

what i sthe raw material for variation and the raw material for evolution?

mutation

what is the chage in gene pool due to chance?

genetic drift

what are the two types of gentic drift ?

1)bottle neck effect

2)founder effect

what is reducing size of poplation by natural disasters , resulting in loss of genetic varaition ?

bottle neck

what is the reduction in genetci variation due to migration?

founder effect

what is the movement of alleles into or out of population?

gene flow

what are the factors in the HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM?

1)very large population

2)isolated population

3)no mutation

4)random mating

what are the equations for HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM?

what is the process by which new species form?

speciation

what are the types of isolation?

1)geographic isolation

2)polyploidy

3)temporal isolation

4)habitat isolation

5)behavioural isolation

why is polyploidy a cause of isolation?

poyploid organisms cant breed with non polyploid organisms and thus become isolated from them

what is temporal isolation?

organisms dont mate because they are sexually active at different times

what is the evolutionary change in interacting populations oover time due to interactions between them ?

coevolution

what is the similar development of a trait in distinct species due to similar evolutionary pressure ?

parallel evolution

what is the emergence of numeous species from a single common ancestor ?

adaptive rediation

what is the difference between divergent evolution and adaptive radiation?

divergent is mainly 2 or 3 species while radiation is many species

what is a branching diagram or tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species ?

phylogenetic tree

what are the types of diversity ?

1)genetic diversity —→of genes in 1 species

2)species diversity ——> among different species

what is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and threatened by humans ?

biodiversity hotspot