Functional bio test 0

Eukaryotes

Plant and animal cell

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms, bacteria

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, genetic material, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Cell Membrane is made up of

Comprised of lipid bilayer and membrane proteins

Cell Membranes

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell and keeps organelles

Genetic Material

In the form of DNA and cakl

Ribosomes

Produces protein using info from the mRNA

Cytoskeletal Elements

Helps transport items and support the cell

Flagella

Moves the cell

Endosymbiotic Theory

mitochondria evolved from bacterial cells and got inside a eukaryotic cell

Endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria have their own genes, and they have a double membrane

Archaean Cell

Single-celled organisms that can live in really harsh environments

Bacteria have what kind of chromosomes

Circular

Eukaryotic Cell nucleus

Contains genetic info in the firm a linear chromosome

Nuclear Envelope

Pores regulate what goes in and out of the cell

mitochondria

produces ATP

plant cell walls

made of cellulose

vacuoles

store water and creates Tuggar pressure

Chloroplasts

captures sunlight and produces sugar

Rough ER

produces protein

Smooth ER

Produces lipids and detoxifies

Golgi

Used to link amino acids into a sequence of proteins while also sorting and packaging them

Lysomoes

In plant cells, digests and recycles old parts of the cell and pathogens

Peroxisomes

Detoxifies harmful substances

Ribosomes

Transfer proteins

Vesicles

Dump packages into the outer layer, formed by phospholipids

4 main chemicals

Hydron, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Ions

Different number if protons or electrons (they are supposed to equal)

Atomic Number

Number of protons

Mass number

protons and neutrons

Atomic weight

Calculated protons and neutrons cross isotopes

Molecule

Made when 2 or more atoms bond chemically

Octet Rule

An atom is stable when the outermost shell has 8 electrons

Periodic Table Period

How many ring layers

Periodic Table Groups

how many electrons on the outer ring

Ions

Becoming more stable when they gain or lose an electron`

Cations

positive ions

Anions

Negative ions

Ionic bonds

Bonds between ions of different charges

Covalent bonds

atoms share electrons and both have a positive charge

Electronegativity

how many it attracts an atom to share electrons

polar

shares electron unequally

nonpolar

shares electron equally

4 major macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Monomers combine and make what

Polymers

Polymer break down into what

Monomers

Hydrogen bond

Weak opposite attraction between a positive and negativity charge atom

Hydrophilic

Polar molecules

Hydrophobic

nonpolar molecules

Lipids

Hydrophobic, non-polar, carbon and hydrogen bonds

fats

3 carbon molecule called glycerol

Steroids

4 fused rings

phospholipids

2 long hydrocarbon tails and a head

phospholipid tail saturation

One tail has a saturated hydrocarbon chain and one unsaturated carbon chain

Head charges

one full negative charge and O2 atoms with partial negative charges

Head

Hydrophilic and polar

Tails

Hydrophobic and nonpolar

Amphipathic molecule

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Permeability

Substances can cross membranes more easily than others

Diffusion

movement of ions and molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Gradient

concentration of an ion or molecule differs from on area to another

Concentration gradient

ions and molecules move by diffusion

Electrical protentional gradient

ions will move towards opposite charges

Channels

Pores that allow transport of ions and small molecules

Passive transport proteins

channels and carriers

Active transport proteins

pumps

carriers

change shape to carry molecules across the membrane

Pumps

transport against concentration gradient

Osmosis

diffusion of water across membranes

Facilitated diffusion

passive transport using proteins

Selectively permeable membrane

only allows selective molecules to cross membrane

Small nonpolar molecules

pass easy

small uncharged polar molecules

can pass with transport, but can pass themselves

Large polar molecules

Needs a transport protein, but can maybe pass through

Charged molecules

Can’t pass directly they need a transport protein

Aquaporin

water channel uses osmosis

hypertonic

More solute and less water

isotonic

some amount of solution and water

Hypotonic

More water than solution

Cell in hypertonic

causes it to shrink

Cell in isotonic

Normal movement of water in and out of the cell

Cell in hypotonic

Causes cell to swell