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Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by severe disturbances in emotion, including extreme sadness (depression) or elation/irritability (mania), which interfere with daily activities and are often associated with other serious psychological problems.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
A diagnosis characterized by the presence of depression and absence of mania, with the presence of specific symptoms like sad mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep and appetite, fatigue, negative cognitive appraisal, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
Dysthymia
A chronic form of unipolar depression, also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder, where symptoms are present for at least 2 years but are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of MDD or a manic episode.
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by mood changes between extreme elation and depression, with manic episodes being shorter in duration and ending more abruptly than major depressive episodes.
Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
Estimated to affect around 3.8% of the population, with higher rates among adults and older individuals, varying prevalence rates across different countries, and a higher prevalence among women compared to men.
Cyclothymic Disorder
A milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by mood swings between mild depression and hypomania.
Mania
A state characterized by abnormal, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood, along with heightened energy, talkativeness, flight of ideas, and grandiose plans, lasting for at least a week.
Hypomanic Episode
A less severe form of mania, lacking the social or occupational issues of full-blown mania, marked by increased energy, activity, self-esteem, irritability, and reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar II Disorder
Diagnosed when a person experiences hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes, without ever having a full manic episode.
Prevalence - Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar disorders occur less frequently than Major Depressive Disorder, with a lifetime prevalence rate of 4.4% in the population, typically starting in the 20s and recurring frequently.
Cyclothymic Disorder
Characterized by chronic mood fluctuations less severe than bipolar disorder, with periods of elevated mood known as hypomanic episodes, potentially developing into bipolar I or II disorder.
Genetic Factors
Genetic influences significantly impact the predisposition to depression, with relatives of affected individuals being two to three times more likely to develop depressive disorders.
Biochemical Factors
Involving neurotransmitter systems, low serotonin levels and altered dopamine levels are associated with depression and mania in bipolar disorder, with antidepressants often targeting these neurotransmitters.
Brain Abnormalities
Individuals with mood disorders exhibit lower prefrontal cortex activity and abnormalities in brain regions governing emotions, as shown in brain-imaging studies.
Stress
Stress is a key factor in depression, with the context and meaning of stressful events being crucial, including sources like loss of loved ones, unemployment, illness, relationship issues, economic hardship, work pressure, and exposure to discrimination.
Learned Helplessness Theory
The belief that people become depressed when they feel they have no control over reinforcements in their lives and are responsible for their helpless state.
Attributional-Helplessness Theory
A theory suggesting that internal attributions that are global and stable can lead to feelings of helplessness and depression.
Beck’s Negative Cognitive Styles
Early life negatively-biased ways of thinking that can lead to the development of depression.
Cognitive Triad of Depression
Negative views of oneself, the immediate world, and the future that contribute to depressive thoughts.
Automatic (negative) thoughts
Thoughts that are automatically negative and contribute to cognitive distortions in depression.
