Ancient Rome: Key Terms, Figures, and Map Locations for Midterm
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61 Terms
133 BCE
The year of the Gracchi reforms and the beginning of social unrest in Rome.
44 BC
The year Julius Caesar was assassinated, leading to the end of the Roman Republic.
31 BC
The year of the Battle of Actium, which led to Octavian's rise to power.
27 BC
The year Octavian was granted the title of Augustus, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
AD 14
The year Tiberius succeeded Augustus as Emperor of Rome.
Agrippina, the Elder
A prominent Roman matron and the mother of Emperor Caligula.
Agrippina, the Younger
The wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero.
Agrippa
A close friend and general of Augustus, known for his military and architectural contributions.
Ara Pacis
An altar in Rome dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of peace.
509 BC
A significant year marking the establishment of the Roman Republic.
auctoritas
The moral authority or influence held by a person or institution in Roman society.
Battle of Teutoburg Forest
A major defeat for the Roman army against Germanic tribes in 9 AD.
Britannia
The Roman name for the island of Great Britain.
Caligula
A Roman Emperor known for his eccentric and tyrannical rule.
Capri
An island in the Bay of Naples, favored by Emperor Tiberius.
client
A person who is under the protection of a patron in Roman society.
Claudius
The Roman Emperor who expanded the empire and initiated the conquest of Britain.
consul
One of the highest elected political offices in the Roman Republic.
dictator perpetuo
A title meaning 'dictator in perpetuity', held by Julius Caesar.
Domus Aurea
The 'Golden House' of Emperor Nero, known for its opulence.
equites
A social class in Rome, originally composed of cavalrymen, later wealthy merchants.
exempla
Examples or models used in Roman rhetoric and moral instruction.
Forum of Augustus
A public space in Rome built by Augustus to honor Mars and provide a venue for legal proceedings.
Forum of Caesar
A public square in Rome established by Julius Caesar for commercial and political activities.
freedman
A former slave who has been granted freedom.
honestiores
The upper class in Roman society, often enjoying legal privileges.
humiliores
The lower class in Roman society, often facing harsher legal penalties.
imperium
The authority to command, especially in military contexts.
imperium maius
A greater imperium, often granted to certain officials for broader authority.
Julia
The daughter of Julius Caesar and a significant figure in Roman history.
Livia
The wife of Augustus and influential in Roman politics.
Lex de imperio Vespasiani
A law that defined the powers of the Emperor Vespasian.
manumission
The act of freeing a slave by their owner.
Mausoleum of Augustus
A large tomb built for Emperor Augustus in Rome.
Nero
A Roman Emperor known for his tyrannical rule and persecution of Christians.
novus homo
A term referring to a 'new man', someone who is the first in their family to hold public office.
Octavian
The adopted son of Julius Caesar and the first Roman Emperor, known as Augustus.
paterfamilias
The male head of a Roman family, holding legal authority over the household.
patron
A wealthy individual who provides support and protection to clients.
pontifex maximus
The chief priest of the Roman state religion.
praetorian guard
The elite unit of the Roman army tasked with protecting the Emperor.
princeps
A title meaning 'first citizen', used by Augustus to denote his position.
proscriptions
A list of individuals declared enemies of the state, often leading to their execution.
pudicitia
A Roman virtue associated with chastity and modesty.
res publica
The Roman term for the republic, meaning 'public matter'.
Sejanus
A powerful official under Tiberius, known for his political machinations.
Senate
The governing body of the Roman Republic, composed of elected officials.
Seneca
A Roman philosopher and statesman known for his works on Stoicism.
second triumvirate
The political alliance formed by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus in 43 BC.
SPQR
An acronym for 'Senatus Populusque Romanus', meaning 'The Senate and People of Rome'.
sui iuris
A legal term meaning 'of one's own right', referring to individuals who are legally independent.
Tiberius
The second Roman Emperor, known for his reclusive and controversial reign.
tribunicia potestas
The power of the tribune, granting certain rights and protections to the plebeians.
tribune of plebians
An elected official in ancient Rome who represented the interests of the plebeians.
Vestal Virgins
A group of priestesses in ancient Rome dedicated to the goddess Vesta.
Rome
The capital city of the Roman Empire, central to its political and cultural life.
Rubicon
A river in Italy famously crossed by Julius Caesar, symbolizing a point of no return.
Egypt
A province of the Roman Empire known for its wealth and agricultural productivity.
Britain
The northernmost province of the Roman Empire, known for its strategic importance.
Gaul
A region of Western Europe that was conquered by Julius Caesar.
Parthian Empire
A major rival to Rome located to the east, known for its cavalry and wealth.